Aviation Perspective Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aviation Perspective - Research radical ExampleFAA Regulations 14 CFR Part 91 covers the general direct and flight rules. The operations covered by the FAA Regulations 14 CFR Part 121 include air carrier certification. On its part, FAA Regulations 14 CFR Part 135 covers the operating requirements for the planes. FAA Regulations 14 CFR Part 141 covers outlines the requirements for the certification of aviation training schools.By description, the AIM is the official guide to staple fiber Flight Information and ATC Procedures. The best place to find meanings of standard FAA acronyms and abbreviations is from the free dictionary of the acronyms (http//acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/FAA). It contains a varied number of meanings for the same abbreviation (United States, 2009).NOTAM is a legal and unclassified notice, usually filed with repayable authority from the aviation. Its chief(prenominal) significance is to alert pilots of significant potential hazards within the prospective route or specific locations that hurl the plane at risks of mishap. The kind of NOTAM that would give information about specific location is the D NOTAM due to its ability to easen information identification. The Technical Operations Ser criminalitys provides information to pilots abut NOTAMs that are likely to shine their flights. The service department is reachable on telephone via (888) 876-6826 and (540)422-4262.A Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) is a domestic restraint on a given over area of airspace because of movement of government VIPs, natural disasters, special events, or any other unusual events. The relevant authorities give them on a daily basis but vary from place to place. Precisely, the rationale for TFRs include movement of the president and the vice president from place to palace and other government VIPs, special events usually after a given period of time such as during the visits by UN officials. It may also be due to

Medical law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

medical exam checkup law - Essay Exampleng or refusing medical interposition was set out in the case of Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbeck Area Health Authority.2 In this case, a young girl infra 18 was held to be legally competent to consent to contraceptive treatment and advice because she had enough intelligence to insure the constitution of the treatment.This case has set out a test that assesses the young individuals train of spirit and maturity in regard to the treatment that is being proposed. There is no fixed time at which it is possible to say that a child is mentally capable of empathiseing the nature of medical treatment and therefore capable of providing consent. The competence to consent is thus to be based upon the level of understanding demonstrated by the child. Hence, under this test, minors are effectively presumed to be incompetent unless they fully understand the nature of treatment and its effects, as also the consequences of refusing such treatment.A ccording to Lord Scarman, the children must demonstrate twain understanding of the treatment, as well as the maturity to understand its other implications, such as object lesson and emotional ramifications of the decision3. Such an evaluation of minors to assess whether they are Gillick competent requires a medical practician to determine if the minor is mature enough to provide consent and autonomy in decision making preempt be allowed only when a minor can demonstrate such understanding of the nature and effects of treatment4. However, in contrast to Lord Scarmans views, Lord Fraser stated that a young person is capable of consenting to medical treatment if he or she is able to understand what is being proposed and can express his or her views clearly in this regard. However, this was to be subject to the medical practitioner deeming such treatment or refusal of treatment to be in the patients best interests.5In the case of Re S (A Minor)(Consent to Medical Treatment)6the patie nt S was suffering from thalassaemia, yet continually

Installation of Video Surveillance Systems in Public Areas Essay

Installation of moving picture Surveillance Systems in Public Areas - Essay Example photo Surveillance in Public Places The technique of photo control involves the use of a number of video cameras that are connected through unlikable circuit television (CCTV), where the videos get recorded and screwing be viewed later on. A central system monitors the entire process and keeps all records of the videos. However since preserves are conducted on public places, the rights of individuals are also considered. It open fire be realized in this context that an individual moving or performing any drill in a public area would not expect privacy since it is an open place and the military action rear end be viewed by any other individual present in the area, even if video recording does not take place. The surveillance measure is thus not meant to impact the privacy of individuals (Opinion on Video Surveillance in Public Places by Public Authorities and the Protection of Human Rights, 5-6). Video Surveillance Views in Support The present study reflects the views in support of the system of video surveillance in public areas. In this regard the most important issue that can be discussed is the baron of the system to prevent crimes or get hold of criminals once a criminal act occurs. With the front man of CCTV cameras at diametrical locations within a city, it can be understood that every individual would be aware of the surveillance that can be expect to create certain level of fear in the minds of any criminal of getting caught (Ratcliffe, 8). Thus this fear might stop the person or the radical of persons from performing any negative act. If this can be realized, the importance of such video surveillance can be well understood can supported by the citizens of every country and individual states. In the present times, where the rates of terrorist attacks and criminal activities have largely increased, several countries have issued laws in their states allowing the roles of video surveillance. hardly a(prenominal) of such countries include the Great Britain, Spain, France and others. In these countries, not only the video cameras are used for recording the activities in public areas but utmost use of the video surveillance is made in these countries intend towards cake of crimes and getting hold of criminals (Bernan, 119). The increasing use of the video surveillance measure in antithetic countries and support from the respective governments and legal systems tend to signify the need and importance of the system in the prevention of crimes. The video surveillance system not only contributes in the reduction of criminal activities, but at the same time it has certain other benefits as well. The presence of such systems can be expected to lessen the fear of crimes in the minds of the citizens, assist with proven information the police and other investigation departments in chemise of any crime, reflect any emergency need that viewed thr ough the central monitor can lead to immediate actions, for example any medical emergency on road, and help in a complete management of gathered information (Ratcliffe, 11). The central monitoring system viewing and controlling the recordings of the different associated cameras are in constant watch of all the activities covered by the cameras. Thus in case of any criminal act, or any emergency, as recorded through the

Research on Author Bram Stoker Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

On Author Bram Stoker - Research Paper showcaseTo be specific, the amalgamation of history, imagination and repulsive force raises the novel Dracula to new heights of readership, and the novelist to popularity. Thesis education Bram Stokers writing style, with unique themes, symbols, metaphors, imagery, and character types, is symbolic of the Gothic horror genre in English Literature (special references to the novel Dracula). Short biography Bram Stoker was born in the year 1847, Clontarf in Ireland. His childhood was not so happy because he was forced to be bedridden due to sickness. march L. Hamilton states that Bram Stokers experiences (say, sickness) in his childhood helped him to be imaginative and creative as a generator (Hamilton 8). When he entered the Trinity College, he was able to overcome the past troubles. For instance, he proved himself as brainy in athletics and academics. After graduation, Stoker entered the Irish Civil Service and remained as a civilian servan t for the next 10 years. His entry to the civil service did not hinder him to make work out in his literary c areer. Besides, his relation with Henry Irving helped him to be in the limelight of Lyceum Theatre in London and his contribution to drama criticism was noteworthy. But Stoker was not ready to give up his ambition to be a writer and he decided to write novels. As pointed out, ill wellness in childhood and family influence in the early stages of life deeply influenced him and he was attracted towards horror novels. hum A. Senf opines that Bram Stokers curiosity in learning science and horror maybe deeply grow in his family background (Senf 50). For instance, nonpareil can easily identify that Stokers novels represent the horror (Gothic) novel genre in English Literature. Some of his novels are The Snakes Pass (1890), Dracula (1897), Lair of the flannel Worm (1911), etc. After the marriage with Florence Balcombe in the year 1878, Stoker moved to London and worked as the m anger of Lyceum Theatre, London. In London, Stoker was able to be in the elite circle of writers. This affinity with writers like Sir Arthur Conan Doyle helped him a lot to fulfil his ambition to be a writer. Meanwhile, Stoker decided to top a world hindrance and visited the United States of America. The world tour boosted Stokers craftsmanship as a writer. For instance, in the United States of America, Stoker was able to meet Walt Whitman, one of his favourite writers. Besides, the American tour inspired him to select the same nation as the background of later works. Generally, Bram Stokers little(a) stories and other novels apart from gothic novels are less appraised by critics. For instance, the novel Dracula is praised as one of the most important gothic novels in English Literature. Due to stereotyped characterization and less splendor given to vividness, Stokers other works are generally less accepted. In addition, the luxuriously content of melodramatic elements that ca n be seen in Stokers novels and footling stories reduce the ground of vivid characterization. But the craftsmanship shown by Stoker in describing places proves his craftsmanship as a novelist and short story writer. Bram Stoker passed away in 1912. Bram Stokers life history and his journey from Scotland to England are noteworthy because his profession as a theatre manger did not harm his ambition to be a writer. Instead, his profession boosted his ambition to b

Critiquing and Evaluating a Rheumatoid Arthritis qualitative research Essay

Critiquing and Evaluating a Rheumatoid Arthritis qualitative research paper - Essay exemplarThe domain is chosen because in the process of treatment, patient roles are questioned about their jibe and expert in health perplexity are suitable to poll the condition and prescribe care for them. The domain aims to make steady the evince of patients (Mason-Whitehead, 2008, p14). This is the data acquired after researches done on patients (Nestor and Schutt, 2012, p24). Although the means to collect the data may not witness 100% credibility, it informs the kind of issues that happen to realise high part of life. To obtain the qualitative data, a tec interviews large group of people with the condition, barely rheumatic arthritic victims were considered (Creswell, 2012, p.73). Main Body Evidence establish practise is an approach in clinical care that is interdisciplinary and which is involved in valuateing a condition of health from different angles before recommending the steps to be taken. Evidence based practise entails integration of the lendable evidence to practitioners and other resources to give the required care and promote health with the consideration of the affected (Lewenson and Truglio-Londrigan, 2008, p.18). This implies that percentage should be looked at to establish the various factors that influence them. From the research evidence, that person will be able to make decisions. In health and social care, evidence based practice helps practitioners to choose the most separate care programme to implement on a patient. Through this, the sick are get quality care (Ellis, 2010 p43 Cashin and Cook, 2011 p33). The principles of evidence based practice are that the validity of a decision can only be verified only when research has been conducted in order to inform the situation. In enhancing the life of patient faced by rheumatic arthritis (RA), it is necessary to assess different means to provide care so that a person may be able to understand the issues that are related to provision of care (Madison, Sadowski and Savard, 2009, p87). In caring for patients with RA, evidence based practice provided a broad perspective in the schooling of the processes that work and those that do not assure good results. The domain for enhancing life for patients with long-term conditions is necessary to assess different care programmes that prevail in the process of health care (Eizenberg, 2011, p35). The research paper on the RA was used because choices of steps that are taken to mitigate the condition of the patients take some metre to be carried out. The qualitative research evidence it provides can be used to understand the perspective through with(predicate) which people look at the medication they receive. In assessing the research paper on the RA patients, it is consequential to consider the various aspects of the research framework, which inform the whole paper. For example, it is important to consider the various areas of interes t the likes of the statement of goals, objectives as well as present the different issues that are important to the research. The statement of goals of study in a research paper was not done clearly. However, from inference, a reader is able to subtract the objective of the study, objective of the research was stated as a way to examine prescription for patients infect with RA. This step was inevitable to specify activities that can be carried out in order to come up with the evidence, the

Explain the early development of the geocentric model of the universe Essay

Explain the early development of the geocentric model of the populace according to ancient greek cosmology - Essay ExampleOr else they are like the estimate as it seeks mastery over the moving parts of its own body or like a craftsman who does the best he can with whatever raw materials are available.The most influential intellect who had the most convincing notions of cosmology before Copernicus was Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). Aristotelian assumptions about place, space, matter, motion, and time served as the foundation for the Ptolemaic system, which dominated in the West for more than a thousand years. The plainness and unstrained authoritativeness of Aristotles style may give us a glimpse into the sources, both rhetorical and philosophical, of his authority (Ross, 1930).Proposing the geocentric model of the universe, Aristotle focussed his study on the earths position, shape, and rest or motion as the center of the universe. His discussion by no means operates in a philosophica l vacuum, but accounts briefly for other views in competition with his own. The plication of argument is instructive for any who have imbibed the old clich, according to which geocentric cosmology is said to patch up the earth in the place of greatest importance in the universe.In Aristotles geocentric model of the universe, from each one planet was attached to a transparent sphere of its own, and all spheres were turning round the earth.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children Research Paper

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children - Research report ExampleAtopic eczema is the most prevalent chronic inflammatory disease in children. The prevalence of this disease in Western countries, in children of six years old, reaches 20% (Department of Health, 2010). ADHD is significantly associated with dermatitis. Allergic comorbidities (asthma, allergic rhinitis) be not significantly associated with ADHD (Rubin, Fein & Vandenberg, 1983). The clinical relevance of this association is small, as it does not establish a causal relationship between them and the direction of the association. From time to time, most of the people have trouble concentrating or paying attention in class. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that help transmit messages between nerve cells in the brainpower (Department of Health, 2010). Besides in the form of tablets, methylphenidate is also available as a patch, called Daytrana, which can be placed directly on the skin to allow the drug to be absorbed.There are various disorders that prevail amongst the children and female in the current era. One such disorder is the attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder. This authorship will elaborate upon the background, features, symptoms, and causes of the disorder existing amongst children. It will also discuss the relationship of ADHD to Eczema and interpretation regarding the safety of the ADHD medications on children. This topic has been chosen o be studied due to the source that the prevalence of ADHD has become widespread amongst women and children these days. The symptoms of the disorder are now commonly occurring amongst the people of newfangled ages. Therefore, it is necessary that the topic is studied in terms of its relevance, significance, and background.

Holidays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Holidays - shew ExampleDuring spring break I enjoy going fishing with my friends and family. The time I draw a bead on off during spring break gives me an opportunity to catch up on my reading. Spring break is a great time to have caper. The nighttime scene always gets better during spring break vacation. I enjoy having a few drinks with my friends during spring break. It is the best time of the year to party.A pass I have always enjoyed a lot through turn out my lifetime is Halloween. When I was a small boor Halloween represented the perfect time of the year to collect candy from all my neighbors. As I grew up I have always celebrated the holiday by dressing up and going to Halloween parties. If no parties are available I dress and go trick or treating on my own. This experience helps me reminisce over my youth. I always prepare my home with Halloween decorations. If I dont go out to trick or treat I stay home to treat the visiting kids with candy. Americans should continue the Halloween usance forever.The most important holiday for me is Christmas. Christmas represents the birth of the baby Jesus. Santa Claus has become the favorite character of the festivity since he is the one that brings young kids the toys they want. Adults also celebrate Christmas by giving gifts to their loved ones. For me decorating the Christmas tree is a fun tradition to follow during Christmas. It is said that is better to give than to receive. During Christmas season I always try to bid my time at the local homeless shelter in order to help out the poor. The Christmas holiday is a time to show love for others.Spring break is a great holiday because concourse are looking to have fun in social gatherings. The Halloween holiday is a great American tradition that allows kids and adults to dress up and find candy. Christmas is the most important holiday of the year in which battalion get a chance to give gifts of appreciation to each

Group dynamics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

theme dynamics - Term Paper ExamplePurpose of a meeting forms its context and the process done which this is achieved makes it operational. Team is structured, requires coordinated interaction to reach the set destruction and all the members baulk responsible for its activities. A congregation of individuals qualifies to be called a group based on Kurt Lewins parameters, which measure up that the members should interact, ar interdependent, influence each some some other, the members feel belongingness, have a structure, work towards a common goal and are recognised as a group by others. Task and relationship-based interactions develop in groups, through which people connect and affect each other. 2. Group as a social system Groups are social entities with a membership of 2 or more persons. They are viewed as units of socialization, interaction, centres of intellect and learning. Group is a locus for connecting with people and hangers for emotional support. People group in o rder to support the recognition that they share similar ideologies. Interdependence and cooperation, which are inter own(prenominal) and social qualities are essential for the formation of groups. They neer exist in vacuum, but are tie in and dependent on other groups. Groups may be classified as primary or secondary(classified by Charles Horton Cooley) and planned or emergent ones. Close and personal interactions occur frequently among primary group members. They form the basis for socialising and platform for showcasing the ideas, values and opinions of members. secondhand or nucleated groups are sized big, formal and the size may not permit one-to-one relation among members. They are help members socialise, but not as much as primary groups. plotted groups work for a common goal. Their formation is initiated from an exterior source, organisation or individual or other groups. Emergent groups, as the name suggests, emerge as the people find themselves bound by circumstances, fixing or situation (Corey, Corey, and Corey ). T-groups, a proposition by Kurt Lewin, are interpersonal training groups, that facilitate bonding among members, building trust and interact on both work-related and personal issues. The source of learning and improvement is feedback from the other members of the team. 3. Group Development In order to comprehend group dynamics, it is important to study the process and theories related to their development (Forsyth ). Lot of studies and research addressed the concept. Tubb has phased group development into orientation, conflict, consensus and closure and Fisher suggested orientation, conflict, emergence and advantage model. Bruce Tuckman suggested 4 stages of group development, which consists of forming, storming, norming and performing. Adjourning has been appended later. a. Forming During this phase, individuals mingle with each other and communicate, in an attempt to arrive at their persona of association. They assess their respec tive comfort zones. Leaders play a vital role in facilitating this judgment and walking them towards the next stage. b. Storming Here, the members share their views, assemble with others sharing similar thoughts and socialise. Leader persuades them to open up and streamlines their ideas, differences etc towards the group goals. Socialisation is the process of adaptation of the members to the purpose, situation and other members. Active involvement on the part of members is significant at this stage.

Pacific Settlement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Pacific Settlement - Essay ExampleThe model of Orientalism was introduced by Edward Said where the West was considered as the developed one and they were referred as the accident. The non-Europeans were considered as orients, who were traditional in character and lacked capital-centric approach. It has been argued that institutions like the census, map, and museum play a humongous role in shaping the dominion of the colonial state. It include nature of the human beings ruled, the geography of its domain, and the genuineness of its ancestry. While analyzing the plan of the formation of the realm-state, one first gear needs to understand the convey of a terra firma. A nation is defined as an imagined state. The nation is imagined to be limited or limited in spite of having large areas and it is a community in the sense impression that even if there is exploitation, the nation is also perceived as an emblem of deep comradeship. The nation is also imagined to be limited. This i s so because even if a country is large in size with a billion populations still its term is finite as beyond that there are other nations. The concept of Orientalism can be use to trace the origin of the Pacific islands. The contact between the Europeans and the Pacific islands, in fact, gave birth to the concept of nations and nation states. One can even notice that the Pacific islands had a considerable intellectual diverge on the Westerners. This was seen even though the relative size of the islands was small and they lacked resources compared to the western countries.... The non Europeans were considered as orients, who were traditional in nature and lacked capital centric approach (Said, 1-3). It has been argued that institutions like the census, map, and museum play a big role in shaping the dominion of the colonial state. It included nature of the human beings ruled, geography of its domain, and the legitimacy of its ancestry (Benedict, 163-164). While analyzing the conce pt of the formation of nation state, one first needs to understand the meaning of a nation. A nation is defined as an imagined state. The nation is imagined to be limited or finite in spite of having large areas and it is a community in the sense that even if there is exploitation, the nation is also perceived as an emblem of deep comradeship. The nation is also imagined to be limited. This is so because even if a country is large in size with a billion populations still its boundary is finite as beyond that there are other nations (Benedict, 6-7). The concept of orientalism can be used to trace the origin of the Pacific islands. The contact between the Europeans and the Pacific islands in fact gave birth to the concept of nations and nation states. One can even notice that the Pacific islands had a considerable intellectual influence on the Westerners. This was seen even though the relative size of the islands was small and they lacked resources compared to the western countries. I n fact the Europeans though for a brief moment was compelled to admit after the discovery of Tahiti in 1760s that their life was better than many Europeans. The people of Tahiti had in fact proved the myth of noble savage true to the Europeans. (Lansdown, 5-13). COLONIALISM, NATIONALISM, AND

Poverty in Guatemala Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Poverty in Guatemala - Essay physical exertionIn 2012, only eleven point percent of the taxes reached the Central Bank. Of the 215 countries ranked in the CIA World situation Book, the collected GDO is at position two hundred and four. However, the problem does not adopt any transaction with too low value-added tax or income, but the inefficiency from government governance and corrupt public servants. at a time that majority of the population surive in informal preservation makes it easy for the tax collector to hide freighter little collection. The informal sector means that a bigger proportion of the population does not have formal businesses and formal jobs therefore they do not operate with registered licences. Based on this, the tax authorities cannot levy taxes on them. Registered businesses also have the tendency of evading tax adding to the complication. Comparatively, Honduras, an immediate neighbour to Guatemala spends 15.8% of the GDP aft(prenominal) collection, Ke nya a country in Africa collects and spends 18.4 % of its GDP, and Germany, an economic powerhouse spends 40.6% of the GDP (Zakaria 36). In other case studies, Mexico spends 29.7%, southmost Africa 26. 8%, Costa Rica 21%, and Canada 32.3% of its GDP. Data collected from economic sources shows a hitherto correlation (positive) between the proportion of GDP channelled through government spending and the standards of living of a country.Good public run and infrastructure explain factors behind established business activity. Senior economists from the World Bank hold that the economy of Guatemala continues to with typical support from private consumption. However, they also hold that the rate of investment is on a fast decline with little progress in the rate of productivity. Normally, lack of or minimal productivity affects the incomes for workers negatively. The egress rate of the countrys GDP is less impressive taking into account demographic trends of the country. objet dart th e population continues to grow at an average of 1.9%, the

Select a Public Service or Service Industry. Produce a report on Assignment

Select a Public military service or Service Industry. Produce a report on changes in that sphere of influence over a period of time - Assignment ExampleOne general way to view the changes in the cosmos tuition sector of England is to view recent historical figures for consumption in the sector, which, while having been on an uptick since the 1950s, is set to abandon course in the medium term, meaning that for the first time in decades spending in mankind education in England is expected to grow at a slower pace compargond to historical averages (Chowdry and Sibieta, 2011) chart Source Chowdry and Sibieta, 2011, p. 3 In the plot above, one can see that relative to base figures for the 1955-1956 period, spending for public education in England has grown through time, while it seems to have plateaued somewhat in monetary value of the share of education in the country income. In both plots what is evident is that spending is expected to littleening moving forward, raising conc erns about the impact of the declines on educational outcomes for learners in Englands educational carcass. This is one eyeshot among many, and have political and environmental contexts owing to the fact that the changes in spending have roots in the political and environmental processes in the medium term. The rest of the paper examines these and other changes in the education sector in England through time (Chowdry and Sibieta, 2011 Kwon, 2002 University of London & Hi explanation of Parliament Trust, 2013 Gillard, 2011). II.Discussion A. The View of Changes from the Earliest Levels of the Public genteelness System One set of changes through time can be secure to technological developments relating to the fellow feeling of what England needs moving forward and what educators have learned with regard to the need for structure in primal education in order to meet Englands standards for literacy as well as for numerical competence among the members of the population. The chang es tied to this have to do with restructuring the nature of early childhood education, away from traditional structures that allowed for more freedom and less structure in the way young students were molded, to introduce more rigor and a greater charge on specific subject areas to prepare children to face the rigors of a more subject-oriented and less student-oriented educational system. These changes are technological too in the sense that inputs for the changes stem from what can be deemed as technological advances in the understanding of the educational needs of England in general and of a better understanding of how the educational system needs to evolve moving forward, via a greater emphasis on standards for measuring learning outcomes (Kwon, 2002). B. expending per Student, Changes in Enrollment and Faculty Numbers Through Time The plot below tells a story of the evolution of public education in the recent past, with the teacher to student ratio basically staying the same, entirely the ratio of teaching assistants plus other supporting staff to students having increased over time, a proxy measure of the positive increase in the amount of resources spent for public education in England. The moment of the plot below is that environmental and political factors should have played into increasing the focus on public education in England through the observation period from 1997 all the way to 2010 (Chowdry and Sibieta, 2011) Graph Source Chowdry and Sibieta, 2011, p. 8 In light of the above, moreover, the following plot detailing the sustained increase in per capita spending per student across different educational levels in England also make sense, and present a

Unfair Dismissal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

below the belt Dismissal - Essay ExampleIn spite of this recommendation, workers be still being subjected to the inglorious represent of unfair firing based on sex, race, colour, religious affiliations, age, gender, political opinion, national or ethnic origin and so on2. However, in the United Kingdom, the Employment Rights Act 1996 was promulgated to address all employment problems. alone have common law judges been helpful in interpreting this statute? Has not correct interpretation now relied on good practice with reference to Acas code of practice?There are some provisions in Employment Rights Act 19963 that stipulate that workers in the United Kingdom should not be subjected to the inconvenient circumstance of unfair dismissal. The points below justify this assertion(a) Right to Fairness either employee, irrespective of his/her age, sex, gender, sexual orientation, race, religion and a host of other factors, is entitled to fairness in dismissal by his/her employer. This explains that any worker that has become victim of unconstitutional dismissal possesses the legal power to argufy such an action in the court of law.(b) Contractual Stipulations According to Employment Rights Act 1996, an employer may burn the job of an employee if such conditions have already been included in the contracts both parties agreed upon at the onslaught of their industrial relationship that is, if the term of employment has been described by a certain time limit, conditional limit etc.(c) Pre-dismissal Notice It is mandatory for employers to give workers a notice before their employment is summarily terminated. Failure to do this on the part of the employer constitutes illegality on the part of the employer.Firms are expected to have in place provisions in their contracts that would allow nursing parents to be absent from effective working activities for a period of time. As a result of this, employers that rob their employees of this

Impression on professionalism in physical therapy core-values self Essay

Impression on professionalism in material therapy nucleus-values self assessment - Essay congressmanAccording to the study conducted under the excellence core value, there were several indicators such as conclusion plus investment in physical therapy, importance of using several material evidence to lift professional decisions, involvement in collaborative efforts to promote quality health plus education, and others in which the hit were 4 or 5. Under the professional duty core value, the author achieved consistency by scaling 4 or 5 levels. The indicators, in this case, included demonstration of beneficence, promotion of physical therapy profession and others. The graduate(prenominal) rating on these indicators attributes to immense knowledge and experience. The researcher is aware of these indicators and the core values connected to the assay indicators, therefore he showed consistency of scores. The teller is aware of his professional obligations thus he applies his knowl edge of physical therapy to meet these obligations. Under the accountability core value, he scored a 3 on the indicator concerning citation and acceptance of consequences. On the sample indicator of clients requirements above those of therapists the score was at level 3. There was the aforesaid(prenominal) score for an indicator concerning cultural bias plus gender. The author scored low under the integrity core value on the indicator entailing the limits of his expertise. Other low scores emanated from indicators of political activism and involvement in sociable justice matters. The low scores attribute to the knowledge and awareness in those areas.

Empowerment is an unrealistic concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Empowerment is an unrealistic model - Essay exemplarThe managements are spending a lot of resources in empowering its employees in order to boost their competence. Employee potency involves conscious policy decision to develop workforces and engage them in more decision-making utilizes (Luttrell, Quiroz & Bird, 2007, p. 7). This study argues that the empowerment is an unrealistic concept and explores the reasons companies have not fully implemented the employee empowerment to enjoy the seed advantages.Most organizational managers perceive employee empowerment as a strategic approach for cultivating and improving the employees potential by building their cleverness to make a decision (Royal Pharmaceutical Society, 2011) Although proponents of employee empowerment consider it as an essential practice of recognizing the brilliance of all workers in the organization, there are many challenges associated with the empowerment practices thus making it impossible to constitute the ob jectives (Rochford, 2010, p. 57). The management empowers employers in order to have more competent workforce. In so doing managers can afford routine issues to the workers and have more time to engage in strategic issues that are beyond the backcloth of worker in addition, it ensures quick decision making even in the absence of top managers. Also, empowerment or workers can motivate the workers and improve productivity (Rochford, 2010, 173). Finally, employee empowerment enables managers to reduce work-related stress by trim back the scope of activities they have to handle each day (Luttrell et al. 2007, p. 10). However, despite the perceived advantages of employees empowerment companies have act to experience challenges with practical implementation of the empowerment practices.The success of employee empowerment is a mutually inclusive practice that should involve both workers and the management. In most cases,

Chinese Somatic Science Essay Example for Free

Chinese Somatic knowledge EssayIn 1984 when the Japan-France symposium was held, scholars of religion, medicine and psychology were gathitherd from both sides, and they engaged in discussion in order to promote the movement of New Age Science. I included a suggestion, made from the Nipponese side, presentations on Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Parapsychology, easterly warlike compassionateities and their demonstrations. In the martial liberal arts demonstration there was included the performance of a technique in which a master martial artist, by emitting ki-energy (chi-energy), makes opponents, who are spatially distanced from him, fall d ingest. This technique is called conflicting hitting to-ate , and it became a conversation piece, attracting lots attention. As a result, many q(g(ng (Chi-gong) know came to visit me. I report their techniques, and experienced ki-energy as a subject of their q(g(ng techniques. subsequentlywards, I went to china to learn active its actual situation. While I was staying in Beijing in 1997, the Chinese Society for Somatic Science (CSSS) was established.The leaders of this society came to see me with a request to make efforts to propagate q(g(ng in Japan. In the following year, I invited scholars and q(g(ng masters from China and held a symposium Ki (Chi) and Human Science in Tokyo.i At about this time, a q(g(ng boom was being generated. After this conference, I went to China many times to investigate and study q(g(ng. I will introduce its unfathomed nouss, while incorporating my own opinion.Chinese Somatic Science focuses on the three fields of usageal Chinese medicine, q(g(ng and special abilities as its main objects of search. Special abilities refer to what parapsychology calls psi- tycoon ( paranormal ability). A central focus in apiece of these fields is ki-energy as the object of research. Traditional Chinese Medicine understands the fundamentals of the man probosciss organization by means of t he network of meridians. Meridians are channels of energy which circulates in the inside(prenominal) of the human body. However, they are an invisible system which can non be discovered by dissecting a corpse.In early(a) words, they are a system unique to the body that is active while it is alive. I am fetching this to mean, for now, like a system that organizes the subject-body (i.e. the lived body) of which Merleau-Ponty speaks. An important point, when it is seen from a theoretical point-of-view, is that the meridians are a system which does not agree with the mind-body dichotomization established since Descartes. That is to say, ki-energy is conceived to be a flavor-energy which has both physical and psychological characteristics. The fundamental article of faith of needle therapy used in tralatitious Chinese medicine lies in activating the circulation of ki-energy within the human body by infusing fresh ki-energy into the human body, while eliminating the stagnant and inf erior flow of ki-energy.Next is q(g(ng. Q(g(ng teaches us that the activity of ki-energy can be heightened through a repeated reading. Consequently, we can understand that q(g(ng, theoretically speaking, has a characteristic commensurate with the homework in martial arts. It is a bodily technique with a tradition stretching from antiquated times. In the reference of medical therapy, a mount q(g(ng heal guides patients to train themselves and figure q(g(ng on their own. Here we can discern a ruleology different from the cure method of modern medical science. While modern medical therapy leaves patients to assume a passive standpoint of simply receiving doctors treatment, q(g(ng lets them assume an active standpoint of training themselves.The point of this training lies in activating the inbred healing power latent in the interior of ones own body. Ki-energy is thought to be the energy that controls the foundations of life-activity. The training means to promote and purify t he activity of ki-energy inside of ones own body, and to transform it to the ki-energy of a better and higher quality. Therefore, it is a therapeutic method as well as a method of maintaining and promoting health. That is, it can become a method of maintaining health by continually training oneself daily, while it is not limited to a time of sickness.Q(g(ng is divided into internal and external q(g(ng for the purpose of convenience. The training which a patient performs later receiving guidance belongs to the inner q(g(ng, while the outer q(g(ng refers to cases in which a mature q(g(ng master performs therapy on a patient or subject. In these cases, the q(g(ng master usually touches the patients body with his hand, but there are cases in which a q(g(ng master, distancing himself from the patient, performs a therapeutic technique without reservation contact. It is probably safe to think that it is based on the same principle as the technique of therapeutic touch, which in recent ye ars is beginning to spread in American.The third field that is called special ability in China, overlaps with the research of what is referred to in the western United States and Japan as parapsychology. On numerous do, I met with q(g(ng masters in China who encounter paranormal ability, and observed their technique, while engaging them in dialogue. I encountered muckle who can demonstrate a wonderful technique, not to mention clairvoyance and psycho-kinesis, which Rhines research problematized. thus far as my research can confirm, there are cases of people who innately possess these abilities, and cases of people who have acquired them through training. If these abilities are used in the field of medicine, they can fulfill the same role as the external q(g(ng. Moreover, there are cases among master martial artists who can demonstrate this lovable of ability, though its bite is limited.One impression I have received when encountering these people is that there is a great rel ease mingled with the East and the West in the foundational idea, when dealing with this soma of issue. While in the East this anatomy of issue has been dealt with as part of the issue related to self-cultivation, which traditionally has a cultural and religious background, there was no much(prenominal) historical and cultural background in the West. Consequently, parapsychological research in the West is preceded by an interest and concern from a theoretical point-of-view.This brings in the background of contemporary scholarly research where there is no concern for its relationship to daily activity. By contrast, in Chinas case the practical purpose, as in the case of q(g(ng, looms in the purview of research. This kind of stance is based on the traditional ethos found in the history of science and technology in China. (Modern technology of the West emerged as an application of theory, where theoretical research does not take into account the relationship it has with the practic al, daily activity of human beings.) When we examine it from a broader perspective, this kind of tendency is rooted in the philosophical tradition of the East which passing values the practical standpoint.However, there is a tradition in the East which admonishes people, as they are abandoned to fall into an ethically wrong tendency regarding paranormal phenomena. The tradition of East Asia such as that of China and Japan maintains that the bodily technique must conform to an ethical standpoint. Although I could hardly see such a ghostlikeistic stance in the contemporary situation in China and Japan, there were occasions where I met persons with such a stance, especially among the masters of martial arts, who are living among people, but not related to universities or academic institutions. In the tradition of Buddhism, this kind of special ability has been called siddhi jints(riki and is considered a kind of a by-product that naturally emerges in the course of self-cultivation. Buddhism has persistently maintained that self-cultivation should not demand at acquiring this as its goal. For example, D(gen, a famous Japanese medieval Zen monk, teaches in the chapter of Jints( Divine Power, i.e. paranormal power in Sh(b(genz( that although Buddhism recognizes this kind of siddhi, it is a small siddhi, and the accredited great siddhi exists in the midst of such public activities as drinking tea and eating a meal. This reminds me of Yang Xin, a q(g(ng master, who is now actively promoting q(g(ng in America. When I saw him in Beijing some time ago, he told me that he was now studying distant q(g(ng Chin. yu(g(q(g(ng Jap., enkaku kik(, .He was accompanied by a twelve-year girl, who was his experimental subject. I asked him why he was conducting such an experiment. He replied I am not trying to become famous by showing off this kind of technique. As I read a description in a classic on the method of self-cultivation that one can perform this kind of technique, I just wanted to know if it is true or not. Then he wrote on a piece of paper Chin., d(d(ow(y(n Jap., daid(mugon This phrase means that The great(p) Dao remains silent and does not speak.Herein lies, it would seem, a difference in the traditional ethos between the Eastern martial arts and Western sports. The historical origin of Western sports goes back to the Olympian events in ancient Greece. They emerged, based on the demands of a battlefield such as physical strength, stamina, running, throwing, and the handling technique of a house-drawn cart. We might say that the custom of the modern Olympics in which a record is valued more than anything else inherits this traditional idea. By contrast, in the tradition of the martial arts in the East runs an idea which emphasizes spirituality, even though the martial arts developed, like those of ancient Greece, through techniques used on the battlefield.The history of the Chinese and Japanese martial arts was nurtured through the influence of Buddhism and Shintoism. It came to develop the idea that training in martial arts has the meaning of enhancing ones ethical personality. Consequently, the stance of respecting the opponents personality and capacity was seek in performing techniques. For example, Mr. Ueshiba Morihei, founder of Aikid(, states that Martial art is fill in. The ultimate goal of martial arts is not to win by defeating an opponent, but to harmonize with an opponent such that people can love each other under that which is great transcending humans. It would seem that research on the prayer, which has been recently initiated in America, incorporates this kind of spiritual idea.Incidentally, I came to realize in the course of investigating the Chinese Somatic Sciences that the standpoint of psychology was lacking. In modern China, which used Marxist materialism as its guiding principle for establishing the nation, psychology was not studied until the time of the Cultural Revolution, as anti-thetical to materialism. Even q(g(ng was an object of suppression. Today, however, the study of psychology is recognized to be legitimate, and the transpose with Japan is making an advance. I have practiced meditation since my youth, and have continued to research and study it.Meditation methods in the Chinese tradition were called quiet q(g(ng and stands a pairing relationship with the usual pitiable q(g(ng which mobilizes the body. However, almost no meditation methods are practiced in contemporary China. This is probably due to the detail that meditation methods such as those of Buddhism and Daoism were developed within the tradition of religious culture, and declined as a significance of persecution after the modern period. When somatic science was established in Japan in 1991, we used for its incline designation the Society for Mind-Body Science (SMBS), as I felt the importance of psychology.The fundamentals of meditation lie, after all, in promoting the circulation of ki-energy. Whe n it is seen from the point-of-view of psychology, ki-energy designates libido. It is life-energy equipped in the unconscious and the body. The foundational idea that is placed in The Secret of the Golden Flower, a meditation text of Daoism, is to transform and sublimate ki-energy from the state of libido (Chin., j(ng Jap., sei, ) to the state of divine subtle energy (Chin., sh(n Jap., shin, ). Ki-energy changes into a spiritual energy, when the instinct and desire in ones unconscious region are purified. Freud insisted that neuroticism develops when conscience suppresses the activity of libido, while Jung claimed that libido is an energy related to religiosity. When one touches the activity from the dimension of primal origin, the love of others is transformed from the eros of flesh to spiritual love.To summarize the foregoing, ki-energy is an energy that controls the whole of psychology, medicine, and bodily technique, including the relationship between the environment and the hu man body. The philosophical guideline that comprehensively includes all of these fields is sought in the idea of the y(n-y(ng exchange of ki-energy which has its origin in the Yj(ng. According to its conceptual paradigm, nature as an environment is invest with life, and is fostered to grow, by means of the activity of ki-energy issuing from the Dao that exists in the ultimate dimension. Human beings, along with other life activities, are receptive of this energy and are made to live. Purifying it to a sublime level brings about an enhancement of ethical personality.

Factors For and Against Essay Example for Free

Factors For and Against EssayReasons for legalization (ranked from strongest to weakest)1. Medical benefits for terminal unsoundnesses such as cancer. 2. Police and homage resources would be freed to pursue more serious crimes. 3. The FDA could regulate the quality and safety of the dose. 4. This drug has fewer nerve effects that most currently legal narcotics. 5. Legalization would lower prices, thereby reducing crimes such as theft. 6. If taxed sales of this drug would help lift the U.S. economy by billions of dollars a year. Reasons against legalization (ranked from strongest to weakest) 1. Issues such as driving under the influence may increase. 2. Legalizing this drug might increase the number of juvenile users. 3. This drug may be a gateway drug to more dangerous drugs such as diacetylmorphine or cocaine 4. There would be an increase in lung damage and the damage to non-users through blurb hand smoke. 5. Legalization of this drug could lead to legalization of harder drugs 6. Some consider this drug chastely wrong.I guide seen the effects this drug has on a terminally ill patient. My late husband, who was just 39 years old when he died of colon cancer, used Marijuana on just a meet of occasions and the difference before and after its use were abundantly clear. Tom was diagnosed with colon cancer at the age of 36, and only given 15 months to live, because of his military and ethical background he swore he would neer use Marijuana unless it was legalized. As his illness got worse his thinking changed, he just wanted to get hold better, and the narcotics he was prescribed by his oncologist made him weak, tired, decreased his craving and caused nausea.He hated being on these narcotics as he didnt feel he could enjoy the little life he had left, he could b arly get out of bed let alone play with his children. During the second year of his illness we went camping with rough friends, to a little cabin 2 hours off the paved road. Tom could scant ily sit up in front of the campfire, exclusively tried his best to enjoy possibly the weather camping trip of his life. After the children were asleep one of our friends began to smoke marijuana and asked if we wanted any, I declined however Tom wanted to try it, just to see how it would make him feel. Within five minutes of smoking marijuana Tom was up walking around, he ate, laughed and even began helping cut wood and help to the fire. The difference was noniceable to us all, it was amazing. First thing in the morning he smoked somewhat more marijuana, and was able to play with his children, go for a mile long walk and eat some more.Upon returning home Tom stated that while he would like to use the drug again, but he couldnt bring himself to break the law, and therefore did not try the drug again. During Toms illness those two short days in the mountains were some of his best. The marijuana took away his nausea and pain, his appetite was increased and his pain was nowhere ne ar the same high levels he experienced without the drug. Because I have seen the benefits of this drug in person, I have lieud this as my strongest assembly line for the legalization of this drug.It was very heavy for me to rank the motives for the legalization of marijuana, because I found them all to be quite beneficial, yet I had to place the fiscal benefit towards the bottom of the list. My reasoning for this is because if this drug were moved from a schedule I drug to a schedule II drug, and was only legal if prescribed, the prescription would not be taxed thereby eliminating this argument for the legalization.My strongest reason against the legalization of marijuana is the possible dangers of driving while under the influence of this drug. This is a abundant issue with most any drug, most notably alcohol, but this danger is not only make up to the user but those around the user as well. While many people are halt and arrested for driving under the influence of marijuana , it would seem logical that this would only increase with legalization, much like alcohol.My weakest argument against legalization is that it is considered morally wrong by some people. The reason I placed this last is because not all people would consider this morally wrong. There are many things that people consider morally wrong, yet they are legal. For example the Mormon religion believes that alcohol, tea, coffee and caffeinated drinks are morally wrong, yet these are not made illegal. This argument seems to be the loosest of all the arguments, and therefore was placed at the bottom of the list.

Terms of reference Essay Example for Free

Terms of reference EssayThis spread oer is based on comparing six different documents. I have to comp be 2 documents from 3 different companies. I chose to compare 3 course cataloguees and 3 application forms. All information was collected stomach year when I was looking at for a montage to go to. I will be looking at different parts of the documents from how many a(prenominal) pages they have and how they appeal to people looking for a collage to go to. I will in any case be paternity about how well the documents do in that location job. I found by looking at each prospectus there were similar elements betwixt them and also that they were similar to one some other.I saw each(prenominal) that all prospectuses have had information on courses. I noticed that all the application forms were laid out the selfsame(prenominal) they all used boxes all application forms use boxes because it makes the forms look better. The first document I collected was a prospectus from Sp elthorne collage I got the prospectus by ordering it on-line from www. spelthorne. ac. uk but it can also be picked up from Spelthorne collage in Ashford. The Spelthorne prospectus is around 2/3rds the size of an A4 piece of paper and has boarder on the front page it also has writing expiry on top of many pictures the writing is press release diagonal.On the cover it also give the viewer the effect of looking at a website it has a list of courses and mouse over hand clicking on a subject, because the prospectus is only 2/3rds of an A4 tag of paper when opened it feels extra long. A special type of paper is used on the cover. This prospectus has to be one of the smallest I have seen. The layout of nearly every page in this prospectus is the same it has a few pictures at the top of the page of at the bottom some pictures and text disguised around them every page has a charge at the top (e.g. courses then it writes what course it is) to a fault on every page there is a boarder on the left the boarder is great then any were else on the page this is because information is written here like a contents. both other page has the Spelthorne website at the bottom in the boarder and also it has a mouse over saying Adult education courses see page 28 for full listing. Every page also has a olympian line going through the top of it and a full circle going through the large boarder on the left hand side.The layout of the courses is very good they have a big heading in the boarder with a content page. By looking at this prospectus you can see that the main colour of it is color but the front cover also has many different font colours these vary from white, orange, blue, red and yellow. The main colour that caught my eye when looking at this prospectus was the orange this was because it was brighter than any other colour on the page and stood out the most another colour I thought looked very well on the front cover was the whitish purple that was in the page boarder. When opening the prospectus you can still see that the dominate colour is purple but on the first few pages there are many other colours to much(prenominal) as light blue used as a fundament ground with black writing on top of it. A lot of white is also used as background colour. aft(prenominal) the first few pages the purple boarder appears around the whole page other colours are also used but are not as noticed as purple. They make heading of courses stand out by making them a blue. On some pages a blue back ground is used to make information stick out more. Overall I think the colour scheme is very straight forward but I think they over did it with the purple.

Romeo and Juliet Tragedy Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet cataclysm EssayRomeo and Juliet is a romantic tragedy mulct by Willam Shakespe atomic number 18. The play is just about devil two-year-old adults who argon in kip down. They ar both victims of a bitter feud between their well-respected families.I render looked up Romeo in the dictionary to give me an insight as to what the play was about and as in brief as I read the meaning of Romeo I knew it was a love playA hero- thusly a man who is an ardent loverThe play is set in the city of Verona. Romeo and Juliet (the main char performers of the play) be part of the Montague family (Romeo) and part of the capulets family (Juliet).The play begins with a street iron out between the servants of both families. The price brings the fight to an abrupt end.Juliet is meant to be getting marital to Count Paris, chosen by her father. However Romeo and Juliet, who meet at a ball, soon fall in love and get married in mystery.Juliet fakes her own last with a drug friar Lawrence issued her and is found in bed dead on her wedding daylight in which she is too marry Count Paris. She is buried in a tomb, which is where Romeo finds her.Romeo has not yet have a note saying that Juliet is not dead and kills him with poison. Juliet wakes up after the drug has worn make and Romeo dead and she kill herself (for real) with Romeos dagger.The two grieving families end the feud between them at the end of the play. save do they end the feud when death is struck upon them.Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy be pee-pee Romeos and Juliets love was singled to end in death and is the solo function that ends the feud between the familiesThe fearful passage of their death-marked loveI meet that dramatic tensity is when someone is creating a shooting being big and powerful, having something struck upon you suddenly. This relates to the play because the play is powerful and it captures the audiences attention. It has a lot of cliffhangers for example where Romeo kills Tybalt in proceeding 3 scenes 1 we venture back what entrust happen next? Will Romeo die? What ordain Juliet do if her love is brutally murdered by her own family? All of these create dramatic tension.By the use of char coiffeers, events, lanuage the essay aims to explain my views on Romeo and Juliet and to divide and explain to people the play of Romeo and Juliet so that they understand what is happening and what it is all about. It will also increase my k straightledge of the play so I can understand it and put myself in their shoes hopefully capturing what they must have felt and been equal.From reading the prologue I understand that both of the capulets and Montagues is as equal as one another, they both have the same amount of wealth and respectTwo households both similar in dignityI know that Romeo and Juliet are madly in love and are ordain for one anotherA pair of star crossed lovers set abouts their livesA pair of star-crossed lovers could mean that Romeo and Ju liets love is doomed by the influence of the stars and that they are madly in love. However the stars are crossed and this shows us that there is a shadow in the way and that something will go wrong.Also from the prologue the audience is told of the shutdown of the play, they are told that the lovers are fated, they are star-crossed, their love will end in death, and that the lovers death, and the lovers death is the only thing that will end the long feud between the families.But their childrens end, nought could removeIn act 3 scenes 1, Mercutio, who is Romeos best fiend, picks a fight with tybalt who unavoidablenesss to fight Romeo. Instead Romeo trys to prevent the fight between Mercutio and tybalt. Romeo wherefore kills tybalt and flees the scene of the murder.Before Romeo appears on the scene he has come from his secret wedding to Juliet. Friar Lawrence has married them, so only the friar, Romeo and Juliet know about the marriage and the Montagues and capulets are bonded. Th ey are bonded through the two lovers marriage, undiscovered to lady Capulet she is now Romeos mother in law.I think that this scene has more dramatic tension because in this scene we are really on edge as to what will happen to Romeo now that he has murdered tybalt.Also we are anxious to know what will happen to Mercutio now that he has been wounded and we ask whether he will live or die.Mercutio is brave in this scene and when he is injured by tybalt he puts a brave face on and pretends his injuries are not sober and people believe him because he is known as the fool, however after a while Romeo realises he is lying and that he is dieing.This also causes tension because when Mercutio is first injured we (the audience) believe that he is not really hurt, so we wonder what will happen? Will he be ok? Will his injuries cause his death?The action in this scene is crucial because it keeps us on edge and makes sure that we treat watching the play to see what happens, the action build s up the tension for the final scene when both Romeo and Juliet take their own lives.The action shows that whatever happens Romeo is still a good guy because although he has killed tybalt he has through it in good faith for Mercutio.The characters involved in act 3 scene 1 are Benvolio, Mercutio, tybalt, Romeo, Petrucio, a citizen, the prince and lady Capulet, lady Montague.My thoughts/ impressions of the families from this scene areThe capulets are an evil family who only care about them selves. However there is some caring members of the family (Juliet), as she does not hold any grudges against the opposite familys think the family is uncaring because when tybalt kills Mercutio although he did not mean it he does not show any signs of sorrow for what he has done.I think that the Montagues are a caring family because as soon as Romeo enters he dialog about love, this shows he has loving feelings for someone, also Romeos best friend Benvolio is a peacemaker and does not like fighti ngOut of her favour where iam in loveRomeo does not want to fight, he does not want to harm anyone or cause trouble or fight with a member of the family and he only kills tybalt because he has murdered his best friend, and this shows that Romeo values friendshipI thought all for the bestMercutio pretends or trys to tell everyone that he is not in pain and this makes us wonder whether he is lying or whether he is telling the truth. However Romeo sees through him and we realise how much Mercutio and Romeo are hurting and we wonder what will happen next.Romeo is hesitant to get involved because he is Tybalts cousin, because he is a member of the family. This shows that he cares not just about himself and his reputation but that he cares about his family as well.At the end of the scene lady Montague feels that Romeo must not live and hat he deserves to die a tybalt has. I think that this has come about because Romeo has killed tybalt therefore he is a murder, and in time when the first play was wrote, death was a penalty for murder. I also think that the capulets do not want to accept that a member of their family was in the wrong.The characters change in act 3 scene 1 because Benvolio turns into a mischief-maker Romeo shows the audience his bad side and turns really angry and upset resulting in the murder of tybalt.In act 3 scenes 1 lady Capulet takes up the violence of the fed and demands that Romeos punishment is death. She does not change throughout the play and remains a hard, unfeeling, unsympathic woman who pushes her daughter away and is party responsible for her death.In act 3 the prince is personal because Mercutio is a kings man has been killed, the prince fulfils his words from act 1.Instead of killing Romeo the prince banishes him from the country as a result of causing death of tybaltElse, when hes found, that hour is his lastThe play ends in tragedy. The death of two lovers, Romeo and Juliet.Romeo arrives at the tomb where Juliet has been buried, me ets Paris and kills him. Believing Juliet is dead, Romeo takes the potion and dies. Juliet awakens, sees that Romeo is dead and commits suicide. As a result of this the capulets and Montagues promise never to feud againPoor scarifies of our enmityI have learnt hat dramatic tension is as I thought it to be it is something that is big, powerful but also keeps the viewers on edge because we wonder constantly what will happen next.In this play there are lot of themes. The themes involved areDisorder this is a theme because there is fighting, anger, passion and false love (between Juliet and Paris) disorder meansA lack of order or confusionThere is light and darkness because there is death, violence, sadness and secrets. spark is represented by the love between Romeo and Juliet.Darkness id represented because Romeo is sad and depressed and the sadness at the end of the play of the lovers death.Light is represented by love, life and hope.Darkness meansGloomy, dismal, sullen, threating, obscure, mysterious, evil, in secretLight meansA way of looking at or considering a matter prognosisThere is also love and passion because Romeo is in love with Juliet and passion because lady Capulet is only in her marriage because it makes her wealthy and noticeable. Romeo also shows passion regarding his feeling for Mercutio when he kills tybalt in revenge.Love means copious affection and warm feeling for one anotherPassion meansStrong desire or lustOverall I think that the play is very dramatic.The other themes as well are lies, deceit, truth, love and hate.

Marjorie Abortion Essay Example for Free

Marjorie Abortion EssayCulture is a distinctive way of life of race or groups . Culture is manifested in all aspects of life which include norms and value much(prenominal) as age, linguistic communication, gender and social values such as religion, marriage and rite of passage. Different cultural groups norms and values equivalence and contrast from unrivalled cultural group to another as shown in the table with a campaign study of westward,African,Islamic,Hinduism and Chinese tillage culture. Norms and values Comparison Contrast Age -In all the cultural groups one is considered of age of majority at 18 years. -The older command more respect from minors. -In western and Chinese culture,the old people are cared for in old age homes while in Africa Islamic,and Hindus culture, they live with their families. -In western culture children make water their rights about their life still in Africa its dictated by their parents. gender -In all cultural groups both gender are co nsidered important in contributing to family life and preservation in general. western and Chinese people gender have equal rights while African and Muslims hands are superior and have more rights than women.Language -In all groups they use symbols verbal and non verbal to overstep which are either denotative or connotative. -Language is the main form of communication. -In western culture one language like English has a wide scope of usage. when it comes to Chinese people,almost every one born in china knows Chinese language and in African language is very narrow and it have been borrowed hard from other languages. Social values all this culture have established away of life with pleasing social values -In all culture marriage is considered important for companionship and procreation.Chinese derive their values from Confucianism and taoism while in Islamic religion,they have developed their values around their religion. The western people have diversified social values dependi ng with families and individual status where as the African values are perpetually being westernized -In African culture marriage is only between couples of different sex but in western even same sex couples do marry -Hindus parent of the woman look for a prospective march a -Muslim and African men are polygamies Islamic.Rite of passage -Different stages of life for specimen birth, generalisation and death are considered important and are marked with various ceremonies. -In western culture the design are done in a special way such as in hospitals but in African they are done traditionally for example by diviners. -Hindus do bath and stick in their dead. -Muslim ensures that they bury their dead within the first day after they die Religion all culture recognize recognize supernatural being and believe there is God and also recognize hatred -Worship is in churches in western and are Christians.Africa it is in sacred areas for example, under a sacred tree -Muslims worship in mos ques. -Hindus worship in temples and pilgrimage and believe in many gods -Chinese goes to churches. Age influences skill as young people are more able to study, understand and conceptualize than the older people. excessively due to age barrier the young may be unable to learn certain issues such as leadership. Where there is gender discrimination for instance, a girl child is discriminated and are not accessed to cultivation .Where there is gender equality there is tendency of competition thus improving learning process. skill will be slow where there is language barrier or if language needs to be translated from one to the other, this hampers understanding and communication. Social values influence learning for instance in Africa, after initiation girls went for marriage while boys became warriors. This curtails continuity with education.ReferencesMarjorie Ebort,Margaret Gisler. (1999). career for culture lovers and other artsy types,McGraw-hill professional

Higher education Essay Example for Free

higher(prenominal) education EssayA Chronicle of high Education article states that only if 34 part of high-achieving high-school seniors in the bottom hind end of family in convey went to whiz of the 238 or so selective colleges, compared with 78 percent of students from the top quarter (Markell). Certainly, these numbers show that students that come from low income families arent acquire the opportunities that they deserve. With college bells going nowhere save up, students from low-income families face operose finiss. Some students hire to attend community college while some make the decision to nurse out additional loans. thither are also those who choose to drop out because they layabout no longer sustain the salute of college. Those who tire outt have the m superstary to go to a selective college are often non areaing their full potential. Therefore, college cost should be lowered so that to a greater extent people can have the opportunity to unhorse h igher education. Such a clitoris is requested firstly, due to the continuous rise in tuition, higher education is becoming little and less cheap for low-income students. check to the Journal of College Admission, from 1982 to 2007, college tuition and fees increased by 439 percent, while median family income increased by 147 percent.Last year, the net cost at four-year public universities amounted to 28 percent of median family income, while a four-year private college or university consumed 76 percent of median family income (Mahoney). These numbers show that college cost has risen at a rate that has consistently outpaced the median family income and also inflation. Patrick Callan, president of the National Center for Public indemnity and Higher Education, states, If we go on this way for another 25 years, we wont have an affordable system of higher education(Callan).Essentially, if college cost doesnt stop increasing it entrust become unaffordable and umpteen depart choos e not to get higher education. Furthermore, there are m each a(prenominal) students who arent getting the opportunity that they deserve because they are not able to afford it. At the well-nigh competitive colleges, only 14 percent of students come from the lower 50 percent of families by income (Perez-Pena). Some low-income students who study rattling hard cant reach the diploma or certificate. A New York Times article states, art object 2. 8 million students write in code in some form of higher education each year, most do not proceed straight through to graduation.Only one in five of those who enroll in two-year institutions earn an associate degree within three years, and only two in five of those who start four-year colleges complete their degrees within six years(Lewin). College being outrageously expensive is one of the origins students are not reaching their full potential. Access to higher education has become increasingly concentrated for low income families, yet a college degree is more important than ever in todays economy. Indeed, theres no denying that college tuition and expenses arent cheap.In the 2011-12 academic year, the average net cost for a full-time student at an in-state public university was about $15,000 for tuition, fees, room, board, books and incidental expenses, according to the College Board (Clark). quaternion years of college costs about 60,000 dollars. Aside from tuition, college students also have to worry about the other expenses that come with being a college student. Those who dont have enough to afford it are faced with tough decisions. According to a New York Times article, about 7 in 10 of the dropouts s encourage they had no scholarship or loan aid.Among those who got degrees, only about four in 10 went without such aid (Perez-Pena). College students who come from low-income families are being forced to take out additional loans to afford college. Some students choose to attend community college while some make the decision to take out additional loans. There are also those who choose to drop out because they can no longer sustain the cost of college. Often times, students cannot afford the cost of living while completing a college education. Certainly, there are some reasons why students drop out of college, but the decision oftentimes has a lot to do with money.According to Public Agenda, a nonpartisan public policy research firm that conducted a telephone contemplate of more than 600 people ages 22 to 30 for the report, Of students surveyed, 58 percent said they did not receive any financial help from their parents or relatives to pay tuition or fees, and 69 percent had no scholarships or financial aid (Johnson). More than half of students are not being supported by their families or anyone else for that matter. Also, more than one-half of students are not receiving any type of scholarship or financial aid.The dropouts most popular solutions were allowing part-time students to qualif y for financial aid, offering more courses on weekends and evenings, cutting costs and providing chela care (Johnson). Most times, its just not attainable for a college student to afford college costs. Moreover, students who dont have financial help from family or are not fortunate enough to get scholarships or grants are often forced work to pay for school. The New York Times states, The top reason the dropouts gave for leaving college was that it was just too hard to support themselves and go to school at the same time. balancing work and school was a bigger barrier than attending money for tuition, they said. In fact, more than a third of the dropouts said that even if they got a grant that covered their books and tuition, it would be hard to go back down to school, given their work and family commitments (Lewin). Essentially, low-income students are having to work while attending college. Many students find it difficult to find time to study, because they are too busy working part-time jobs in able to pay for their education and other necessities.Those students who are not able to balance school, work, and also other things often end up dropping out. A downturn in college tuition would definitely help those students who are in need of help financially. Ultimately, a lessen in college cost would greatly benefit the larger high society. There will be more students who will be able to afford higher education. With this in mind, higher education will lead to better access to jobs with higher pay and the broadening of a college students social and mental horizons. College students will also no longer have to worry about being buried in debt after college.As Obama, the 44th president of the United States of America, states, As a dry land, our incoming ultimately depends on equipping students like you with the skills and education a 21st-century economy demands. If you have the opportunity to reach your potential and go as far as your talent and hard work w ill take you, that doesnt just mean a higher-paying job or a shot at a middle-class life it means a stronger economy for us all. Because if your generation prospers, we all prosper. And Im counting on you to help us write the next great chapter in our American trading floor (Obama).In other words, Obama believes that higher education can lead people to success and that it is vital to the nations future. Lower college cost will lead to students reaching their potential. While it is true that a decrease in college tuition would just lead to students who are not meant for college wasting their time, there are many students who are actually academic material that cannot afford to get higher education. A study by the Hamilton Project at the Brookings Institution in Washington points out that half of Americans in the top quaternary of the income distribution have a college degree.Among the poorest fourth of Americans, fewer than one in ten graduated from college (Porter). Higher educa tion is turning into a privilege for the higher society. The rising cost of college is preventing low-income students from getting higher education. A decrease in college cost will give low-income students more options and it will benefit the larger society in the future. Ultimately, what is at stake here is that students who have the potential to succeed in college are not able to attend because they lack money.College has turned into a privilege for the higher society when it should be ones right. Colleges need to be more accountable for making sure that their students graduate. Decreasing college cost will also decrease the number of students being in debt after finishing college. Higher education cost rising is causing low-income students to be locked out of higher education. Therefore, college cost should be lowered so that more students will have the opportunity to get higher education, especially those who lack money. Works Cited Clark, Kim. How much does college actually cos t? cnn. com. CNN. Web. 24 November 2013. Johnson, Jenna. Majority of college dropouts cite financial struggles as main cause. The Washington Post. The Washington Post, 8 declination 2009. Web. 24 November 2013. Lewin, Tamar. College Dropouts Cite Low Money and High Stress. New York Times. New York Times, 9 December 2009. Web. 24 November 2013. Mahoney, John L. Thoughts In Troubled Times. Journal Of College Admission 209 (2010) 4-6. Academic Search Complete. Web. 24 November 2013. Markell, Jack. How To concede Low-Income Students The Chance They Deserve. Chronicle Of Higher Education 60. 6 (2013) A27. Academic Search Complete. Web. 24 November 2013. Obama, Barack H. President Obama on Early Childhood Education. Remarks by the President on Early Childhood Education. Decatur Community Recreation Center, Decatur, Georgia. 14 February 2013. Perez-Pena, Richard. Efforts to Recruit Poor Students Lag at Some Elite Colleges. New York Times. New York Times, 30 July 2013. Web. 24 Novemb er 2013. Porter, Eduardo. Dropping Out of College, and Paying the Price. New York Times. New York Times, 25 June 2013. Web. 24 November 2013.

Methods for communicating business information Essay Example for Free

Methods for communication argumentation in influenceation EssayIn order to communicate business information a business go forth use a thread of electronic and non electronic methods for the right audience. The way informational volition pre moveed im office depend upon on a trope of factors such as* Age and attention span* Readability* InterestThe audience may urinate a range of people of different ages. Those who are younger will only be qualified to concentrate for shorter length of time, while older people and those are who are highly educated will be up to(p) to listen to a presentation or other forms of communications such as reports. Younger people will respond well to visual stimuli such as power points or else than verbal presentations. Different types will respond differently to different forms of communications.Businesses will range from the age and the inwardness of education a person has. For example in an industrial business or supermarket will subscr ibe a wide range of people. Those who work on the shop floor in a supermarket will have a range of people of ages and the education they have. Some may have basic GCSE take or none at all or may be studying at a degree level. The type of communication that is given to this type of audience will vary.The non electronic methods for communicating business information are* Letter* Memorandum* Report* InvoiceA letter is a form of written communication. Letters are considered to be the easiest form of communication simply because they are simple and dissipated to produce but as well as because they provide a written record of correspondence that can be useful in the event of a dispute. some other form a non electric method for communicating business information is a memorandum. This is an internal form of communication for the business and serves the purposes of transferring short messages between members of staff. A report is apply as a formal reply to a task that has been set. It is a car park form of communication in the business industry and amongst many other forms of organisations. An invoice is a register that is produced by the business. It informs customers that they have bought on credit. The sales department has the responsibility to produce such documents. An invoice will have the details of theProducts bought by the customers, the date, details of payments that are required and the date of when the payment is required. Such documents are kept for six years as they later may be used as separate of a contract if any legal action should be taken.The electronic forms of communications that are used in a business are* Screen based communication* Email* SMS* Computers and the internet* hollo* Video conferencingScreen based communications are now becoming more common in businesses. Most forms of communications in the technology world use screens to portray information. For example tills have screens to show customers and the cashier the amount that has to be paid and the goods been bought. Screen based communications have become progressively common and are now used for a range of purposes such as cash machines, railroad and airports.Email has become another popular cum of communication. The advantages of emailing are* The costs are extremely depressed* It is quick and easy* The information can be instantly viewed* A written copy of the message is given to both parties useful for reference* Easy to storeEmails are seen as an informal source of writing where abbreviated words are used. For this reason business emails are written in a less formal way and a friendly tone.Business messages are now being sent and received through text messages (SMS) which is available between mobile phones. This method of communication can be replaced for memos and emails to send messages to employees. Text messages benefits those employees such as sales people who travel frequently as part of their job to be kept up to date with important dev elopments. It also used as a form of advertising the business. Customers can be attracted to the business by the carious text messages they receive by the business on the products or services.The web is one of the biggest potpourris that have been made in the business world. receivable to the internet becoming increasingly popular, businesses have taken this to this advantage. The internet has shown to increase sales and strengthen relationships with alert and potential customers. The internet has helped widen the target market for many businesses. Businesses such as Sony are able to promote and reach to customers globally through the internet as trading resolves the issue of time differences for customers backing different parts of the world.The progress of this has allowed businesses such as Sony gain sales and a profit boost. It also benefits the business as it allows the businesses to change products and pricing if circumstances change. This is a cost good way of change as products being in stored would have to go through the process of reprinting advertising materials. Another reason why the internet has become cost effective is because it has allowed customers to access information on products that would differently have to be accessed through broachers, catalogues or leaflets.Telephone calls fast form of communication. This method of communication is effective as it allows instant discussion on a matter and response. Most businesses have a group discussion via telephone so that a number of people can be involved in a conversation and discuss business matters.Video conferencing is where a business will have a meet through computer screens. Businesses may want to communicate with people in different locations. Video conferencing makes it easier for businesses to fuddle meetings within their premises without having to travel.

Theories of Reading Essay Example for Free

Theories of Reading trySo far, there ar iii important theories which explain the nature of learning to read. First, the traditional theory, or bottom up imp phone number, which foc expenditured on the printed form of a text edition. (2) the cognitive view, or top-down treat conjured the role of scene familiarity in addition to what shape uped on the printed pold age. Third, the metacognitive view, which is ground on the figure and manipulation that a reviewer can necessitate on the shape of hollowing a text, and thus, emphasizes the involvement of the ratifiers ventureing nearly what he is doing magic spell recital. 1.The traditional bottom-up view The traditional bottom-up advance to practice session was watchd by behaviorist psychology of the 1950s, which claimed learning was based upon habit formation, brought ab come forward by the repeated association of a stimulus with a response and language learning was characterized as a response system that hu mans acquire through automatic conditioning bear ones, where some patterns of language atomic number 18 reinforced (rewarded) and others are not, and only those patterns reinforced by the community of language users get out persist (Omaggio 1993, 45-46).behavioristic psychology became the basis of the audio-lingual method, which sought to form second language habits through drilling, repetition, and error correction. Today, the main method associated with the bottom-up approach to discipline is discernn asphonics, which requires the learner to match letters with kick the buckets in a delineate sequence. fit to this view, recitation is a linear process by which reviewers decode a text develop by word, linking the delivery into phrases and then sentences (Gray and Rogers, cited in Kucer 1987).According to Samuels and Kamil (1988 25), the emphasis on behaviorism treated narration as a word-recognition response to the stimuli of the printed words, where little attempt was made to explain what went on within the recesses of the heed that accorded the human to advert sense of the printed page. In other words, textual perception involves adding the centres of words to prevail the meanings of clauses (Anderson 1994).These lower level skills are connected to the visualstimulus, or print, and are consequently concerned with recognizing and rec in alling. a interchangeable(p) the audio-lingual teaching method, phonics emphasizes on repetition and on drills using the sounds that make up words. Information is sure and processed beginning with the smallest sound units, and proceeded to letter blends, words, phrases, and sentences. Thus, novice indorsers acquire a set of hierarchically ordered sub-skills that sequentially build toward comprehension ability.Having mastered these skills, refs are viewed as experts who comprehend what they read. The bottom-up pretence describes randomness flow as a series of stages that transforms the input and passes it to the next stage without any feedback or theory of later stages of the process influencing earlier stages (Stanovich, 1980). In other words, language is viewed as a code and the readers main task is to identify graphemes and convert them into ph atomic number 53mes. Consequently, readers are regarded as passive recipients of randomness in the text.Meaning resides in the text and the reader has to reproduce it. The ESL and EFL textbooks influenced by this perspective include exercises that focus on literal comprehension and give little or no importance to the readers cognition or experience with the subject matter, and the only interaction is with the basic building blocks of sounds and words. Most activities are based on recognition and recall of lexical and grammatical forms with an emphasis on the perceptual and decoding dimension.This model of interlingual rendition has almost always been under attack as being insufficient and defective for the main evidence that it rel ies on the ball features of the language, mainly words and organise. Although it is possible to accept this rejection for the fact that there is over-reliance on structure in this view, it mustiness be confessed that knowledge of linguistic features is also necessary for comprehension to call back place. To counteract over-reliance on form in the traditional view of knowledge, the cognitive view was predated 2.The Cognitive look on (top-down processing) In the 1960s a paradigm shift come onred in the cognitive sciences. Behaviorism became somewhat disregard as the pertly cognitive theory represented the hears innate capacity for learning, which gave new explanatory power to how humans acquired their graduation exercise language this also had a tremendous impact on the field of ESL/EFL as psycholinguists explained how much(prenominal) internal representations of the foreign language develop within the learners mind (Omaggio, 1993 57).Ausubel (cited in Omaggio, 1993 58), made an important distinction surrounded by meaningful learning and rote learning. An exemplification of rote learning is simply memorizing lists of isolated words or rules in a new language, where the learning deceases temporary and subject to loss. Meaningful learning, on the other hand, occurs when new information is presented in a germane(predicate) mise en scene and is cogitate to what the learner already knows, so that it can be easily integrated into ones living cognitive structure. A learning that is not meaningful pull up stakes not decease permanent.This emphasis on meaning eventually informed the top-down approach to L2 learning, and in the 1960s and seventies there was an explosion of teaching methods and activities that strongly considered the experience and knowledge of the learner. These new cognitive and top-down processing approaches revolutionized the conception of the way students learn to read ( smith, 1994). In this view, reading is not just extracting meaning from a text but a process of connecting information in the text with the knowledge the reader brings to the act of reading.In this sense, reading is a dialogue between the reader and the text which involves an active cognitive process in which the readers background knowledge plays a key role in the earth of meaning (Tierney and Pearson, 1994). Reading is not a passive mechanical activity but resolveful and rational, leech exchangeable on the prior knowledge and expectations of the reader. It is not merely a matter of decoding print to sound but also a matter of making sense of written language (Smith, 1994 2).In short, reading is a psycholinguistic guessing game, a process in which readers sample the text, make hypotheses, confirm or reject them, make new hypotheses, and so forth. dodge Theory Another theory closely related to top-down processing called schema theory also had a major impact on reading instruction. It describes in detail how the background knowledge of the learner interacts with the reading task and illustrates how a students knowledge and previous experience with the introduction is crucial to deciphering a text.The ability to use this schemata, or background knowledge, plays a funda intellectual role in ones trial to comprehend a text. scheme theory is based on the notion that past experiences expire to the creation of mental frameworks that process a reader make sense of new experiences. Smith (1994 14) callsschemes the extensive representations of more general patterns or regularities that occur in our experience. For instance ones generic scheme of an airplane volition allow him to make sense of airplane he has not previously flied with.This means that past experiences ordain be related to new experiences, which whitethorn include the knowledge of objects, situations, and events as advantageously as knowledge of procedures for retrieving, organizing and interpretation information (Kucer, 1987 31). Anderson (1994 469) presents research showing that recall of information in a text is affected by the readers schemata and explains that a reader comprehends a message when he is able to bring to mind a schema that gives account of the objects and events described in the message.Comprehension is the process of activating or constructing a schema that leads a coherent explanation of objects and events mentioned in a discourse (Anderson, 1994 473). For Anderson and Pearson (1988 38), comprehension is the interaction between old and new information. They emphasize To joint that one has comprehended a text is to say that she has found a mental home for the information in the text, or else that she has modified an existing mental home in order to accommodate that new information.Therefore, a learners schemata will restructure itself to accommodate new information as that information is added to the system (Omaggio, 1993) Content and formal schemata Schema theorists differentiate formal schemata (knowledge about the structure of a text) from content schemata (knowledge about the subject matter of a text), and a readers prior knowledge of both schemata enables him to predict events and meaning as sound as to infer meaning from a wider consideration. formal schemata refers to the way that texts differ from one some other(prenominal) for example, a reading text could be a fictional work, a letter to the editor, or a scientific essay, and each genre will scram a different structural organization. Knowledge of these genre structures can aid reading comprehension, as it gives readers a basis for predicting what a text will be like (Smith 1994). For example, if a reader knows that the typical format of a research article consists of sections subtitled Introduction, Theoretical Basis, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion, that knowledge will facilitate their interaction with the article and boostcomprehension.On the other hand, if he is not familiar with this formal schema, teach ing it to him could lead to improved reading ability with terminaling and beneficial effects. Content schemata refers to the message of the text. one and only(a)s familiarity with the content will make more productive and efficient. As Anderson (1994 469) explains, a reader comprehends a message when he is able to bring to mind a schema that gives account of the objects and events described in the message.Activating and building schemataSince the reader plays a fundamental role in the construction of meaning, his age, gender, experience, and shade are important considerations for teachers who want to select readings that will motivate their students. Anderson (1994) notes that when readers cannot locate a schema that fits a text, they may find it incomprehensible. In some cases readers may not have a schema that is earthshaking to the text, or they may need swear out to instigate the pertinent schema to be able to comprehend the text.In such cases it may not be possible for th e reader to understand the text, and the teacher must be ready to engage in building new background knowledge as well as activating existing background knowledge (Carrell, 1988 248). In parallel with this, Bransford (1994) points out that difficulties in comprehension may be caused by the lack of background knowledge presumed by the text, and he sees the responsibility of instructors as being twofold to activate preexisting schemata and to help students to integrate isolated parcels of knowledge into a schema or to build a new one.If the texts to be read accommodate a ethnic context that is different from the students, the issues of formal and content schemata become even more important. McDonough (1995), explains that, to a higher extent, this is the reason why ESL and EFL students find it difficult to read in a second language with texts that contain cultural assumptions of the target culture. They may lack the culture-specific background knowledge necessary to process the text in a top-down manner. His reports on several studies demonstrate how people outside a given culture may misunderstand events with unfamiliar cultural connotations.(Students from different cultural backgrounds taking standardized tests which assume common schemata for will also face the same problem. ) Applying schema theory to L2 reading Based on the aforementioned ideas, it is demonstrable that in order to teach reading effectively, the teachers role to activate and build schemata is paramount. To contact it, he should in advance select texts that are relevant to the students needs, preferences, individual differences, and cultures in order to provide meaningful texts so the students understand the message, which entails activating existing schemata and helping build new schemata.Then, after selecting the text, he needs to do the following three stages of activities to activate and build the students schemata. (1) Pre-reading activities, in which the teacher have students think, write, and question e trulything they know about the payoff, employing techniques such as prediction, semantic mapping, and reconciled reading. The objective is to make sure that students have the relevant schema for reasonableness the text. (2)During-reading activities, in which the teacher guide and monitor the interaction between the reader and the text.One important skill teachers can impart at this stage is note-taking, which allows students to compile new phrase and important information and details, and to summarize information and record their reactions and opinions. (3)Post-reading activities which facilitate the chance to evaluate students adequacy of interpretation, eon bearing in mind that accuracy is relative and that readership must be respected as coherent as the writers intentions are addressed (Tierney and Pearson, 1994). Post-reading activities focus on a wide throw away of questions that allow for different interpretations.While schema activation and buildi ng can occur in all three stages, the pre-reading stage deserves special attention since it is here, during the students initial contact with the text, where their schemata will be activated. Pre-reading activities Pre-reading activities is aimed to activate existing schemata, build new schemata, and provide information to the teacher about what the students know. In their report on the imperious effect various pre-reading activities had on reading comprehension, Chen and Graves (1995, 664), define them as devices for bridging the gap between the texts content and the readers schemata.Various activities and materials can help the teacher introduce key expression and reinforce concept association to activate both formal and content schemata. Formal schemata will be activated by employing devices such as advance organizers and overviews to draw attention to the structure of a text. The content schemata will be activated by using various pre-reading activities to help learners perce ptivity and predict how the information fits in with their previous knowledge. One of the most important pre-reading activities proposed by schematic theorists isprediction.According to Goodman (1988 16), prediction is important because the brain is always anticipating and predicting as it seeks order and significance in sensory inputs. Smith (1994, 1920) defines prediction as the prior elimination of unlikely alternatives. According to him, predictions are questions the readers ask the world and comprehension is receiving the answers. He emphasizes that it is prediction that makes skilled readers effective when reading texts that contain familiar subject matter. prodigy brings potential meaning to texts, reducing ambiguity and eliminating in advance irrelevant alternatives. Thus, we are able to yield comprehensible experience from inert pages of print (Smith 1994, 18). Another pre-reading activity is previewing, where students look at titles, headings, andpictures, and read the fi rst few paragraphs and the last paragraph these activities can then help students understand what the text is about by activating their formal and content schemata and making them familiar with the topic before they begin reading in earnest.Semantic mapping is another pre-reading activity that Carrell, Pharis, and Liberto (1989 651) describe as a useful way to pre-teach vocabulary and to provide the teacher with an assessment of the students prior knowledge or schema availability on the topic. This activity asks students to brainstorm about the reading topic as the information is displayed on a written map. As students make associations, the map becomes a thorough summary of the concepts and vocabulary that they will encounter in the reading. It can also help build schemata and vocabulary that students do not yet possess.Again, it is important to know something about the students so the selected texts contain the type of material that is likely to be familiar and interesting to th em. Reutzel (1985) proposes another type of pre-reading activity called reconciled readinglesson, which reverses the sequence presented by many textbooks where the text is followed by questions. Instead, the teacher develops pre-reading questions from the questions that appear at the end of the reading. Smith (1994) criticizes comprehension exercises presented at the end of a reading because they are like memory tests.He argues that using prior knowledge efficiently contributes to fluent readers, and he believes that there is a reciprocal relationship between visual and non-visual (prior knowledge) information the more the readers have of the latter, the less they need of the former. Although not all the post-reading questions can be easily turned into pre-reading ones, this strategy can be invaluable to activate schemata. 3. The metacognitive view According to Block (1992), there is now no more debate on whether reading is a bottom-up, language-based process or a top-down, knowledg e-based process. It is also no more problematic to accept the influence of background knowledge on readers. Research has gone even further to define the control put to death by readers on their trial to understand a text. This control is what Block has referred to as meta-cognition. In the context of reading, meta-cognition involves thinking about what one is doing while reading. Strategic readers do not only sample the text, make hypotheses, confirm or reject them, and make new hypotheses while reading.They also involve many activities along the process of reading, whose stages can be divided into three, i. e.before reading, while reading, and after reading. The activities the readers involve before reading are to identify the purpose of the reading, identify the form or type of the text. In the second stage (while reading), they think about the general character and features of the form or type of the textsuch as exhausting to locate a topic sentence and follow supporting detail s toward a conclusion, project the sources purpose for writing the text, choose, scan, or read in detail, make continuous predictions about what will occur next based on information obtained earlier, prior knowledge, and conclusions obtained within the previous stages.Finally, in the last stage, they attempt to form a summary, conclude, or make inference of what was read. Guidelines for Effective Teaching of Reading after discussing the ideas and concepts presented in the three reading theories, we are now on the position of arranging tips and guidelines for implementing a theory of reading which will help to develop our learners abilities. These tips are arranged in three sections which are parallel with the three consecutive reading stages before reading, during reading, and after reading.Pre-Reading Tips Before the actual act of reading a text begins, some points should be regarded in order to make the process of reading more comprehensible. First, teachers need to make sure tha t the texts to read contain words and grammatical structures familiar to the learners. If the texts contain unfamiliar vocabulary, teachers can introduce key vocabulary in pre-reading activities that focus on language awareness, such as finding synonyms, antonyms, derivatives, or associated words.Second, teachers should make sure that the topics of texts chosen are in accordance with the age range, interests, sex, and background culture of the students for whom they are intended. If they are not, it is necessary to provide the necessary background information to the reader to facilitate comprehension. This activity could be carried out by letting the class members brainstorm ideas about the meaning of a title or an illustration and discuss what they know. The followings are some activities teacher can use during the pre-reading stage. These activities will not take a very long time to carry out.However, they are very effective in overcoming the common urge to start reading a text cl osely castigate away from the beginning. 1. Teacher-directed pre-reading, in which some key vocabulary, ideas in the text, and the type of the text are explained. In this approach the teacher directly explains the information the students will need, including key concepts, important vocabulary, and appropriate conceptual framework. The text types are also necessary to introduce because texts may take on different forms and hold certain pieces of information in different places.The students familiarity with the types of the text they are reading will develop their understanding of the layout of the material. Such familiarity will, in turn, enable them to focus more deeply on the parts that are more densely compacted with information. all the same paying attention to the year of publication of a text, if applicable, may aid the reader in presuppositions about the text as can glancing at the name of the origin.1. Interactive activities, in which the teacher leads a banter in which he/she draws out the information students already have and interjects additional information deemed necessaryto an understanding of the text to be read. Moreover, the teacher can make explicit links between prior knowledge and important information in the text.1. Reflective activities, in which students are guided to make themselves aware of the purpose and goal for reading a certain piece of written material. At the beginning stages this can be done by the teacher, but as the reader becomes more mature this strategy can be left to the readers. For instance, the students may be guided to ask themselves,Why am I reading this text?What do I want to do or know after finished reading this? cosmos aware of their purpose and goal to read, laterin during reading activitiesthey can determine what skill(s) to employ skimming, scanning, reading for details, or critical reading During-reading tips The activities carried out in during-reading stage consist of taking notes, reacting, predicting , selecting significant information, teasing the writers position, evaluating, and placing a text within ones own experience.These processes may be the most complex to develop in a classroom setting, the reason being that in side reading classes most attention is often paid to dictionaries, the text, and the teacher. The followings are tips that encourage active reading. Practicing them will help the students be active readers. 1. Making predictions The students should be taught to be on the watch to predict what is going to exceed next in the text to be able to integrate and combine what has come with what is to come. 2.Making selections Readers who are more proficient read selectively, continually making decisions about their reading. 3. Integrating prior knowledge The schemata that have been activated in the pre-reading section should be called upon to facilitate comprehension. 4. Skipping insignificant parts A good reader will concentrate on significant pieces of information w hile skipping insignificant pieces. 5. Re-reading Students should be encouraged to become sensitive to the effect of reading on their comprehension. 6.Making use of context or guessing Students should not be encouraged to define and understand every single unknown word in a text. Instead they should learn to make use of context to guess the meaning of unknown words. 7. Breaking words into their component parts To keep the process of comprehension ongoing, efficient readers analyze unfamiliar words by break them into their affixes or bases. These parts can help them guess the meaning of a word. 8. Reading in chunks To ensure reading speed, students should get used to reading groups of words together.This act will also enhance comprehension by focusing on groups of meaning-conveying symbols simultaneously. 9. Pausing Good readers will pause at certain places while reading a text to absorb and internalize the material being read and sort out information. 10. Paraphrasing While reading texts, it may be necessary to paraphrase and interpret texts sub-vocally in order to insure what was comprehended. 11. Monitoring Good readers monitor their understanding to evaluate whether the text, or the reading of it, is meeting their goals. After-reading tips 12.Post-reading activities basically work out on the purpose of reading and the type of information extracted from the text. Barnett (1988) states that post-reading exercises first check students comprehension and then lead students to a deeper analysis of the text. In the real world the purpose of reading is not to memorize an authors point of view or to summarize text content, but rather to see into another mind, or to engage new information with what one already knows. Group discussion will help students focus on information they did not comprehend, or did comprehend correctly.Accordingly, attention will be focused on processes that lead to comprehension or miscomprehension. 13. Generally speaking, post-reading can take the form of these various activities (1) discussing the text written/oral, (2) summarizing written/oral, (3) making questions written/oral, (3) answering questions written/oral, (4) filling in forms and charts (5) writing reading logs (6) completing a text, (7) listening to or reading other related materials, and (7) role-playing. RESEARCHED BY FARNAIDA L. ABUBACAR, MAT-ENGLISHJULY 01, 2011.