Jews and Race in the United States Research Paper

Jews and Race in the United States - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that according to the United States Supreme Court, the Jews are considered a race. This consideration was made for the purpose of establishing an anti-discrimination law, which was an important issue at that moment. They reasoned that when these laws were passed, people regularly spoke of the ‘‘Jewish race’’ in the same way as the ‘‘Negro race’’, hence the legislators main purpose was to protect this idea. However, many of the Jews were offended by the decision that was made by the legislators. The idea of Jews being considered as a race brought into mind the nightmarish vision of Germany, where the Jews were considered as a race, as well as an inferior race that was supposed to be rounded up in the ghettos and like a vermin, be exterminated. When the emotional part of this issue was put into consideration, the Jews were not considered as a race. On the other hand, race is a genetic distinction that refers to people who have shared the genetic traits and ancestry. Race is like a DNA and so it cannot be changed. In this case, an example to prove this fact is that, when an individual is an Asian, there is no way one can become a black no matter how much one wishes or desires. Jews own the Hollywood and the media in the USA. After an opinion, which took place on December 6, it was clearly shown that the Jews dominate Hollywood today in the USA. Their presence in the Hollywood happens to be a historical fact. Most for the producers and directors of the Hollywood are Jews, and that proves the fact that the Jews have taken over the Hollywood industry. In the USA, since Hollywood has the BIG MONEY as some refer to it as one has to be in favorable terms with the Jews since it is the Jews Agents that are in the theatre chains . One must liaise with them so that it becomes easy when you want to purchase a film story as well as signing stars into the contracts. In the year 1989, the Japanese Sony C orp decided not only to purchase the Columbia Pictures and the Tri-Star films, but also put the direction of the studios in charge of Jon Peters and Peter Guber, two young Jews that received the sum of half a billion plus an extra bonus. The production company owned by on Peters and Peter Guber was sold to Sony Corp for $200 million; In the case of Universal Pictures, it is 100 percent controlled by Jews. The chairman of MCA which is a parent company is called Lew Wassermann . The president of the same is Sidney Sheinberg and the film head is Thomas Pollack. They were behind the success of Do the Right Thing as well as The Last Temptation of Christ, both considered as anti-white and anti-Christian films respectively. On the other hand, Jew Barry Diller, who represents Married with Children, owns Fox TV . Rev. Donald Wildmon’s American Family Association has condemned the broadcasting for showing sexual, profane and un-Christian plots. Similar to the majority of Jews in media, the Jews in Hollywood lean towards secularity; their film productions are embedded neither in Judaism nor in Christian principles. However, there’s a misunderstanding regarding to the affirmation that the Jews control Hollywood. This is not the right phrase to use, but in essence, a lot of Jews work in Hollywood. According to Foxman, rather than use the term control, it would be wise to conclude that in Hollywood many directors and managers happen to be Jews; for instance all Paramount film studios are under the administration Jews. Moreover, Foxman stated that he is full of pride about their accomplishment. He believes that the Jews are represented in a

The rate of enzyme reactions Essay Example for Free

The rate of enzyme reactions Essay Concentration- This affects the rate of this reaction because if there is more pepsin molecules within the mixture then there is more chance of collisions between pepsin and albumen molecules, which in turn increases the chance of the active site slotting on to the enzyme. Temperature- this affects the rate of reaction because different enzymes work best at different temperatures with the usual temperature being37. 2i c. If the temperature varies too much then the enzyme will not work to its full potential. As the temperature rises the enzymes begin to denature (deform so active site does not fit enzyme). The changes caused by denaturing are usually reversible but if they are too extreme then the changes are irreversible. pH- the pH affects the rate of reaction because the enzymes all work best at specific pHs depending on where they are used. Prediction- I predict that as the concentration increases so will the rate of reaction, I believe this because as the concentration increases the number of pepsin particles will increase making the chance of a collision and the active site slotting on to the enzyme. Scientific Theory- In this experiment our aim is to test the rate of reaction under certain conditions. Enzymes are biological catalysts, i. e. they speed up a reaction without being used up. Enzymes work best at specific temperature and pHs. They work best at 37. 2i c and depending on where the enzymes work different pHs. Pepsin the enzyme we are testing works best at pH 2. Each enzyme uses a lock and key system meaning they fit on the substance they are meant to break down and only that substance. Some examples of enzymes and its substrate are: Proteins- Protease Carbohydrates- Carbohydrase. Where the enzyme latches onto its substrate the area is called the active site. Safety- For safety in our experiment we will put goggles on when pouring acid so we do not get acid in our eyes. Fair Test- In our test the independent (changeable) variable we chose was the concentration of the acid. Our dependant (measured) variable is the time taken for the pepsin to break down the albumen. Therefore each time we must use the same amount of acid to keep the conditions the same. We must also keep the total volume of liquid the same, along with the amount of albumen each concentration is reacting on. Equipment- Test tube rack Hydrochloric acid Pepsin Albumen Water Boiling tube. Measuring Cylinder Stopwatch Water Bath Range Repeat- In our experiment we will use different concentrations to get a wide spread of results showing the difference in the rate of reaction with different concentrations. Here are the concentrations we will use and ho we made them- Concentration (%) Water (ml) Pepsin (ml) Albumen (ml) Hydrochloric Acid (ml)Â   In the experiment because there is a high chance of error we will repeat each concentration three times and take an average. Method- 1. Gather specified equipment, 2. Put 12 test tubes in test tube rack. 3. First put the required amount of acid in test tube, then put in the pepsin, then the water and when in a water bath bringing the temperature to 35i c then finally add the albumen. 4. Time how long it takes for the solution to clear completely. 5. Repeat each experiment three times. Results- Concentration Pepsin (%) Time for albumen to clear (secs) Rate of reaction (secs) Analysis- From my results and graph I can see a pattern, as the concentration increases so does the rate of reaction. My graph shows a curved line of best fit, which in the case of my results shows that as the concentration increases the rate of reaction does increase but the rate between each concentration gets lower as the concentrations rise. This pattern happens because although they may be a larger amount of pepsin molecules only one pepsin molecule can break each albumen molecule down. Eventually if the concentration is increased too much then it would have an adverse effect on the rate of reaction because they would be too many pepsin molecules colliding, reducing the amount latching onto albumen molecules so the rate would decrease. To work out the rate of reaction I did 1/t. In this equation t is the average time and then I multiplied it by 100 because the numbers were too small (0. 0s). My prediction was correct as the rate of reaction increases when the concentration is increased. Evaluation- In our experiment I believe I did quite well, because we have a nice curve on our graph and my prediction was justified. In our experiment the point which looks most like an anomaly is at 30%. I think this as it looks to be a bit low to go with our line of best fit. In our experiment I think that some of our results are wrong because we did not have the enzymes at the right temperature. To improve our experiment we could use light gates to see exactly when the albumen goes clear and we could keep all the enzymes and acids in a water bath so they are all at the same temperature. Our anomaly is about 0. 25secs from the line of best fit, which would make it around 6. 25secs. Extension In an extension I would test the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction. I predict that the enzyme will work best at around 40i c and as you move away from that temperature the reaction would slow. Range and Repeat- I will repeat each temperature three times and find the average just in case of a mistake. I will measure the temperature from 10i 50i in 10i intervals. Method- 1. Gather Chemicals etc. 2. Put each chemical in a water bath at specified temperature (10, 20, 30, 40, 50) 3. Get 15 test tubes. 4. When at specified temperature first put the required amount of acid in test tube, then put in the pepsin, then the water and finally the albumen. 5. Start timer. 6. When cleared stop timer. 7. Repeat three times. Karl Long Biology Coursework 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section. r

Vulgar Wedding Roast by a Childhood Friend Essay -- Wedding Toasts Roa

Vulgar Wedding Speech by a Childhood Friend Good evening ladies and gentlemen. This is my first experience in playing such a large role in a wedding. And I really appreciate Lee and Susan giving me the opportunity to make a fool of myself in front their friends and family, rather than just my own all the time. Yes, I am feeling pretty nervous at the moment, but not as nervous as Lee was this morning. He said that he had a few butterflies in his stomach. Well, he should be feeling better now, as I found this in the toilet just after he'd left it. [hold up a brick] But unlike me he didn’t have anything to be nervous about. Everything has gone to plan and I can’t imagine a happier way to start married life than in this wonderful venue with all their family and friends around them...

Marriage and Taxes Essay

Marriage and Taxes Introduction: Bill and Mary plan to marry in December of 2012. Bill’s salary is $32,000 and he owns a residence. His itemized deductions total $12,000. Mary’s salary is $39,000. Her itemized deductions total only $1,600 as she does not own a residence. Assume that 2013 tax rates, exemptions, and standard deductions are the same as 2012. Task(s): Answer the following questions: a. What will their tax be if they marry before year-end and file a joint return? The file joint of returns will be $12,000. b. What will their combined taxes be for the year if they delay the marriage until 2013? The combined taxes will be $13,600 if they delay the marriage. $12,000 + 1,600 = 13,600. c. What factors contribute to the difference in taxes? Some of the factors that can result a difference in the taxes would be based on your itemized deductions. Examples a itemized deductions are mortgages that you own, have done any charitable donations, medical expenses, Long-term care services, and relocating for new employment. For a marriage case they can us the marriage penalty, Examples of a marriage penalty: (1) Both of the earns $80,000 a year mas two single individuals, the marginal tax rate will be 25% However, if you are a married couple, the marginal tax rate on a $160,000 annual income is 28%. 2) If you are married you are allowed to write off a total of $3,000 in losses, if filing separately, each only has a $1,500 limit; whereas two single individuals can write off a total of $6,000. (3) When it comes to IRA contributions, they are phased out at income levels between $178,000 – $188,000 for married couples versus a range of $112,000 – $127,000 for single taxpayers. Ingenuity. Empathetic.

Project Sustainability

Executive summary This module is not a detailed study of all aspects of sustainability. The goal of this module is a general introduction into sustainability with a focus on the impact and the effect on projects  © University of Southern Queensland 2 MGT8021 – Project sustainability management throughout their life span. With this knowledge it should be possible for you to identify, understand and address the key issues related to definition and delivery of projects that adhere to current concepts of sustainability, and how to plan for the sustainment of those projects throughout their life span.The concept of sustainability is explored in terms of consumption of resources – this can apply to inputs that are required to the project ‘system’ in order to deliver the project outcomes, the processes by which the project is managed, and the nature of the outputs and their need for resources throughout their useful life span. A range of project sectors is consi dered in order to understand the different implications for each sector. Also, it must be remembered that sustainability works inside of a closed loop system.In all of your deliberations about sustainability and project management you must remember the need to maintain a systems approach. 1. 1 Sustainability issues in a project environment Sustainability is a term that evokes emotion in people about certain events or practices that affect our long term survival of ourselves and all other aspects of our planet. We need to be able to work through this emotion and focus on what is important in an objective and reflective way. By their very nature projects use and affect many resources throughout the life of the project.Some of these resources are consumed or adversely affected by the project. For example, if there was a project to build a new major airport, there would be many issues to consider, and the issue is can their resolution be sustained for the life of the airport? So, the qu estion we need to ask when addressing the project is ‘Can this project be sustained and for how long? ’ The resources required to sustain the project may be physical (natural resources) or they might simply be people (human resources). They could also include local resources as well as imported resources.As a result there are many dimensions of sustainability to consider in a project environment. In 1983 the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) convened under Gro Harlem Brundtland a commission to address the growing concern about the accelerating deterioration of the human environment and natural resources and the consequences of that deterioration for economic and social development. This became known as the Brundtland Commission. The Brundtland Commission defined sustainable development in its 1987 Report titled Our Common Future as:Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the abil ity of future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987) A full copy of the report is available at http://www. un-documents. net/wced-ocf. htm There are other definitions but this one is often used as the baseline definition. The question that needs to be proactively addressed as we look at the resources required to construct and sustain a project, ‘will it be possible to sustain current and future resources? ’ There are two aspects of sustainability to a project.In the design and construction phases of the project, resources of all kinds are consumed. Similarly, during its operational life there is a need to  © University of Southern Queensland MGT8021 – Project sustainability management 3 provide resources so that the project can continue to operate profitably and efficiently throughout its life. This through life provision of resources is also known as the sustainment phase. This term is used by Defence, but it is also being used in the wider commercial areas. Blanchard (p. 350) provides a short description about sustaining system maintenance and support functions.But, to sustain these functions requires a capability to provide the range and depth of services for the expected life of the project, including extensions. We often think of project life in terms of years, but, more than likely, it will be decades or in the case of dams, centuries. So, it is important in terms of the project to understand the life of the project as well as the sustaining events for it. When dealing with terms that can have meanings depending upon the context of the situation as well as the potential for emotion, it is important to have a sound base on which to use the word, and to be able to defend its usage.A search of the Oxford English Dictionary shows that sustainability first appeared in the mid-1960s in a form that is consistent with contemporary usage. Its usage in the context of sustainable development is first referenced in 1972. So, it is a relatively new word. The On-Line Oxford English Dictionary defines sustainable development as follows: sustainable development n. (a) Econ. economic development which can be sustained in the long term; (b) Ecol. utilization and development of natural resources in ways which are compatible with the maintenance of these resources, and with the conservation of the environment, for future generations.When developing a project it is necessary to be able to determine the current and future needs of the project and the ability of the providers of the future to meet those needs. To carry out the sustainment work of maintenance will require facilities and workshops of different sources. Although these are technical designs, they are controlled by other factors such as planning laws. Therefore, to start developing a definition for sustainability we need to start by considering the wider meaning of sustainable development. Reading activity 1. 1 Selected reading 1. is the Sustainable Development Guidelines for the Brisbane City Council which is a large local government body in Queensland Australia (Brisbane City Council 2005). This reading will provide more indepth detail about sustainable development as required by a local government authority. On completion of this reading, carry out research to find out what your local government authority requires in terms of sustainable development. Compare the two approaches. Selected reading 1. 2 is a paper based on the work done by the Western Australia government on sustainability (Hartz-Karp & Newman 2006).Governments at all levels have an interest in sustainable development, and this paper describes the issues in setting up a sustainability program from first principles. After completing these readings, reflect on the wider issues of sustainability and the sustaining outcomes described by Blanchard. Can you identify the links between the different needs?  © University of Southern Queen sland 4 MGT8021 – Project sustainability management 1. 2 Reporting sustainability Given the diverse industries involved in projects, it would be difficult to have comparative and transparent reporting without some form of consistent process.This is achieved though the Global Reporting Initiativeâ„ ¢ (GRI) (Global Reporting Initiative 2008). The GRI is the world de facto standard on sustainability reporting. This is achieved though a set of guidelines, currently known as the G3. The purpose of these guidelines is for organizations to report their social, economic and environmental performance as routinely and with the same discipline as the financial reports. Many organizations routinely report on their sustainability credentials using the GRI G3 guidelines as the reporting standard.Reading activity 1. 2 Log onto www. globalreporting. org and familiarize yourself with the general content of the site. Read the G3 Guidelines to appreciate the range and depth of issues address ed in sustainability reporting. As can be seen from the G3 Guidelines, reporting imposes a significant workload on an organization. Also, as this is an important communication document for the organization, some industries can expect to have their sustainability report critically evaluated by groups within the community. Reading activity 1. 3Log onto websites for large organizations such as those suggested below and do internal searches for sustainability. Read these approaches and reports and see the extent to which this work is done. Now, if you were on a project within an organization such as this, with these reporting requirements, how would you approach this work? ? BHP Billiton at www. bhpbilliton. com ? Rio Tinto at www. riotinto. com ? Hydro Tasmania at www. hydro. com. au 1. 3 Sustainability impacts on management of projects Projects do not occur in a vacuum. They occur in a business environment that is closely monitored by many people.Many of these people have no direct in volvement on the project, but they are interested in it because of the way it could affect their lifestyle or the natural environment in some way. Traditionally, we talk about the shareholders of a project. Increasingly, business is being forced to consider Triple Bottom line (TBL) reporting. In this paradigm, shareholders are replaced by stakeholders. From a project management approach it is now necessary to make sure that a broader range of stakeholders than just shareholders is clearly identified. It is now  © University of Southern QueenslandMGT8021 – Project sustainability management 5 necessary to address the needs of stakeholders other than just shareholders, and these could be competing interests. Reading activity 1. 4 Read selected reading 1. 3 on sustainability in business (Dorf 2001). Consider the added requirements that emerging sustainability issues are placing on business. How do these issues get included in the overall budget for a project? As a project has a future life, it is not good enough to reinvent the past. It is necessary that you be able to consider future issues.These may be unclear early in the life of a project; but, you need to attempt to develop some idea of what sustainability issues will impact the future of the project. For example, a project might be a suburban rail system with an expected life of 40 years. How do you plan for appropriately trained people to maintain the system over the 40 years? One of the most critical aspects of through life project sustainability is obsolescence. The obsolescence could be in the form of parts, tools, facilities, or skills. At a higher level, obsolescence could be due to the technology or societal factors.An example is the demise of society’s acceptance of coal-fired power stations over the last few years. Obsolescence management is an important aspect of project management sustainability and requires good skills in understanding technology from all aspects. You need to be a ble to anticipate the changes that are likely to happen. This anticipation will usually rely upon reading about relevant and complementary topics as well as seeking specialized opinions. The reference list includes books that provide approaches to future issues and problems.Even though it may seem unrealistic at this time, carefully crafted future thinking may position your project far ahead of anything else at that time. The book Cradle to Cradle (McDonough & Braumgart 2002) is a good example of addressing the challenges we need to address. In the classic through-life approach we talk about ‘cradle to the grave’ to reflect that at the end of its useful life, equipment is disposed of in some way. In the ‘cradle to cradle’ concept the emphasis is on designing products and their packaging so that at the end of useful life they are regenerated, rather than just discarded thoughtlessly.Remaining Useful Life (RUL) is one of the measures of performance that is of ten used to asses an asset. This is usually calculated on classical economic bases to get the most profitable life out of an asset. However, it may be that other criteria included in the G3 or Triple Bottom Line reporting are the drivers of the Remaining Useful Life of the project. When considering the sustainability impact on projects it is necessary to take a systems view and think proactively about the through-life sustainability issues of a project.Just because the issue seems unrealistic at this time, does not mean that it could not turn into a significant problem to resolve in the future. That is, significant management problems may be created for the future.  © University of Southern Queensland 6 MGT8021 – Project sustainability management 1. 4 Sustainability considerations for project sectors In a practical sense, sustainability issues are driven by Environmental Impact Statements. There are two broad considerations: statutory and voluntary.In some projects (such as mining) there is a statutory requirement to perform an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and publish the findings in an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Don’t get caught up in the actual terms, as there is little consensus on what constitutes an EIA or an EIA. In most cases, it will be decided by the circumstances of the project. On other projects there may not be any statutory requirement; however, given the attitude of the community towards major projects, there may be a need for voluntary consideration of the issues addressed in Environmental Impact Statement requirements.It is not possible to identify all considerations for all sectors and table 1. 1 provides a summary of the key general considerations to be addressed. Table 1. 1: Environmental considerations by project sector Sector Considerations Aviation Air worthiness, passenger comfort, passenger safety, reputation Property Physical appearance, occupant safety, public safety Engineering Design strength, mai ntenance, maintenance support, integrity Infrastructure Service provision, public safety, extremely long life Software Media, programming skills, configuration, documentationQuite often there are numerous regulations that prescribe the issues to be considered for sustainability. This is achieved through environmental investigations into a particular project. The Wyaralong Dam is a new project to build a dam near Beaudesert, south of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia. This project requires an Environmental Impact Statement, the details of which are available at: http://www. deedi. qld. gov. au/cg/wyaralong-dam-project. html Log onto the URL above and skim through the scope of considerations for such a project. Now, log onto the URL below for a fact sheet on environmental impact statements: http://www. pa. qld. gov. au/register/p00320aa. pdf While at this site navigate to the various links to obtain a wider perspective of the considerations of the environmental impact statements. Focu s on the first three elements of this fact sheet.  © University of Southern Queensland MGT8021 – Project sustainability management 7 ? assess the potential adverse and beneficial environmental, economic, and social impacts of the project; ? provide information to the public about the project and its impacts; ? obtain input from the community and stakeholders about the project, its impacts and management;These three elements address the core considerations that need to be addressed to demonstrate the sustainability of the project. Although there are many elements listed in the fact sheet, it is realistic to assume that if these three elements are not done correctly the project will find progress difficult for a number of reasons not associated with the technical aspects of the project. A significant issue that faces global organizations is to ensure that the sustainability considerations for projects that are legal in one jurisdiction are not illegal in another jurisdiction. Many larger organizations have Codes of Practice or Codes of Conduct to assure an independent legal authority that the integrity of their processes is compliant. Assuring project sustainability in your sector may fall into this realm of compliance reporting. You will need to find out to ensure that this matter is addressed otherwise it poses a significant legal and financial risk to the organization. That is, how do the governance responsibilities and accountabilities drive the requirements for sustainability considerations in your sector?To consolidate your understanding of sustainability considerations you should explore the statutory and voluntary considerations for project sustainability in your local area. 1. 5 Draft a sustainability model for a project A model is the description of reality. However, as many different people will have a diverse perception of reality, it is often difficult in a consensus environment developing a model. The risk adverse approach is to adopt a mod el developed by another group and adapt or adopt it for the group’s purpose. Sometimes this will work and sometimes it will not.Even with these difficulties it is still beneficial to consider the elements of a sustainability model. Reading activity 1. 5 Selected reading 1. 4 is a report on a national sustainability initiative. Sustainability models can take many forms and have different starting points, and an example of this is the Australian National Sustainability Initiative (ANSI) (Australian National Biocentre Inc. 2004). Look at the cover photo. It shows the interface between urban and un-developed land, with a creek as the boundary. If you look at the creek you will notice that it is a series of water holes.Now, count how many swimming pools are located in the adjoining private residences. Can our water courses sustain private swimming pools? Read through this initiative and form your own views about whether this document offers a baseline as a suitable model for susta inability? If it does: how and why; if it does not: how and why not?  © University of Southern Queensland 8 MGT8021 – Project sustainability management The basic model for sustainability is based on the balance between economics, ecology and society. Dorf (2001) paragraph 2. 3 addresses this triple bottom line approach.Figure 1. 1 provides an approach to a general model for sustainability. Figure 1. 1: The interdependence of economics, ecology and society (Source: Dorf 2001, p. 43) In this model the three elements of triple bottom line accounting are divided into four main groups of corporation, cultural values, community, and person. These groups are further subdivided into twelve components to be considered. In your current or future experience you will come across models with more than 100 components. Dorf (2001, p. 51) lists ten principles of sustainable business practices.There practices were developed by the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economics (CERES). In these examples from Dorf we see approaches to models based on a relatively few components. In drafting a model it is suggested that you work with 10–12 components to keep it understandable. If there are too many components it will be difficult to maintain comprehension of what is being modeled and this will make it difficult to communicate your model. Key aspects will get lost in the minutia of the detail. The twelve points proposed in figure1. are analogous to the standard twelve points of the compass, and this makes it easy to present to a wider audience. Other approaches to a model include the G3 reporting framework (Global Reporting Initiative 2008). The G3 describes how sustainability should be reported and this makes it a model in its own right. But this is a very detailed approach and is probably better approached through a more general higher model such as in Figure 1. 1. When drafting a sustainability model it is necessary to collect as many approaches to a model as is possible and to make them as inclusive as possible.The key issue is to be able to find the balance for your project that is accepted by the wider stakeholders, and does not trivialize important issues. This might mean that you have to research many aspects of the project, other than its technical components in order to draft a good model. In the supplementary reading list are several titles that provide a range of views to consider when developing project management strategies and plans.  © University of Southern Queensland MGT8021 – Project sustainability management 9 In this module we look at sustainability as a separate issue.However, it must be seen as part of the quality management system of an organization. ISO9000 is a set of standards for quality management maintained by the International Organization for Standardization , and proposes figure 2. 1 as a model for the delivery of quality within an organization. Sustainability is part of the quality system and s hould not be treated separately from it or exclude it. In this context, the quality system should also include project management standards such as those in the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) (Project Management Institute 2004).Thus, the key drivers in the project are addressed through the one paradigm of quality. Figure 1. 2: Model of a process-based quality management system (Source: ISO9000 2006, p. 3) In the quality diagram shown in figure 1. 2, the various stakeholders are clearly identified as input customers who are imposing requirements on the system. In the product realization phase, (the project) the requirements come to life and treated as part of the continuously improving aspects of the quality management systems. For those who use Six Sigma processes in their organization, the same link is made.A model for sustainability should not be seen as a separate model, but inclusive of and derived for and from the quality management system. All of the sustainability issues and considerations that we have addressed can be addressed within the quality management system model. This is probably the most powerful model to represent the commitment of the organization to sustainability. Conclusions Projects are an important mechanism to deliver the goods and services of all types that we require for living. This also includes the delivery of goods and services in the aid of others or natural disasters. University of Southern Queensland 10 MGT8021 – Project sustainability management Projects do not exist in a vacuum and impact on all aspects of society, economy and resources. This is represented by the triple bottom line approach to accounting, and this puts projects beyond the classic economic theory decision processes. There is increasing pressure on organizations to deliver projects that are more than simply good profit to the shareholders. The current and increasing requirement emphasizes the need to ensure that the project a lso brings benefits to society as a whole.To be able to consider this wider systems approach, it is necessary to proactively adopt an approach to projects that places correct emphasis on components that affect the sustainability of the project. These components could be as economically obtuse as placing high value on areas of biodiversity as the more measurable of higher levels of Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT). Being able to successfully navigate through sustainability issues is an increasingly important skill of the project manager.

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements Essays

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements Essays Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements Paper Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements Paper The German economy, market trends and key developments in banking with a view to enhance the understanding of Germany’s financial and banking market. Strategic options before international players and possibilities of countering entrenched local banks on the home turf, including market leaders. Competitors’ strengths and position. Different strategies contemplated and pursued by foreign financial entities desirous of entering the German market, and the suitability or rationale of various strategic choices. Aims and Objectives This paper, banking on an analysis of some available literature, will help in the understanding of the role of foreign banks in the largely traditional German market. Simultaneously, it will seek to provide critical information on how foreign banks are trying to enhance business prospects in an emerging and growing market through an effective penetration strategy. As a related issue, it will also delve into the question of why banks seek expansion. Chapter One introduces the focus of the study and the aims of objectives sought to be achieved. Chapter Two gives an overview of the German market in relation to the banking sector and the place, role of foreign banks in one of the richest economies of Europe. It underscores the inhibiting factors in the growth of foreign banks and the competition they face vis-a-vis local competitors. The various strategies pursued at the ground level by foreign banks and their rationale is also brought forth. Chapter Three brings out the various theories, expounded by experts, which explain the rationale behind international expansion of banks and the strategic choices and modes of entry available to foreign banks along with what the available research has to offer to a strategic planner. The basic methodology and constraints in research are also outlined as well as sources of bias, if any, and the challenge for a researcher. Chapter Four presents the 10 critical findings along with analysis. Chapter Five brings to the fore the sum and substance of research. What the future holds for the German banking industry and the challenge inherent in the interplay of various forces for a future researcher. CHAPTER TWO The Scenario 2. 1 Understanding the German Banking Market Germany is Europe’s largest, second most populous, one of the most affluent and technologically advanced economy, ranking 5th in Purchasing Power Parity or GDP of $2. 63 trillion in 2006. Even so, the past decade has seen high unemployment rates because of macroeconomic stagnation, declining level of investment in plant and equipment, company restructuring, flat domestic consumption, structural rigidities in the labor market, lack of competition in the service sector, and high interest rates. Compared to an average of 0. 7% during 2001-2005, the growth rate has improved considerably to 2. 2 % in 2006 (CIA – The World Fact Book: https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm. html). The German banking sector, including central, provides jobs to about 700,000, approximately 1. 8% of the total employment. In terms of gross national product, the volume of business has grown three times as fast as the aggregate economic output since 1960. The share of total gross value added is currently 3. 2%. The dense branch network is the highest in the world with 2,400 banks, including almost 400 small banks, with a balance sheet of less than â‚ ¬100 million. German banking is structured into three primary legal groupings; private commercial, co-operative and public sector banks. Unusual in a market economy, public sector banks hold a relatively large market share compared to other countries (The Association of German Banks, Berlin). The public sector still owns (Klaus-Peter Muller, President of the Association of German Banks and Chairman of the Board of Managing Directors of Commerzbank AG) owns over 40% of the German banking market. â€Å"It is possible for public-sector banks to acquire private ones- and indeed they do so. But by law- that is to say because of political decisions- this cannot happen the other way around. German market undoubtedly remains too fragmented compared to its international counterparts. The five biggest banks in Germany have a combined market share of only 22% the lowest in Europe. In countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands or Finland, by contrast, the five biggest financial institutions share over 80% of their domestic market. With an ROE of 13%, Germany still lags far behind other countries in the European Union. The average ROE before tax in the 25 â€Å"old† member states is 21% (Klaus-Peter Muller). †

Not Winning a Contest Doesnt Mean Your Writing is No Good

Not Winning a Contest Doesnt Mean Your Writing is No Good Not Winning a Contest Doesnt Mean Your Writing is No Good Not Winning a Contest Doesnt Mean Your Writing is No Good By Maeve Maddox The votes are in and the winners announced for the Second DWT Short Story Competition. Congratulations to winner Violet Toler and runner-up Easton Miller. Your stories pleased many readers. Contests are rough on writers. If we enter and dont win, its very hard to shake the feeling that our writing isnt any good. Possibly it isnt. But another possibility is that it just didnt appeal to the judgesin this case, 667 DWT readers from every walk of life and from many different countries and cultures. Hey, you cant please everybody! I didnt read all 97 entries, but I did read the eleven that made the final cut. And I read the tabulation of the votes with interest. The two entries I liked best came nowhere near the top in the voting. My picks were Crazy Fay by Sherry Roth and 2 AM and Counting by Katrina Mohr. Crazy Fay by Sherry Roth In this story, set during a Florida hurricane, a middle-class woman glimpses a homeless woman in a coffee shop. The images are striking and the language fresh. I especially like the detail of the raindrop earrings: Several people stood in line ahead of me, including one woman who had matted, wet salt-and-pepper hair, with rainwater droplets bizarrely hanging from her earlobes like a poor excuse for earrings. I tried not to stare, but those little droplets had me mesmerized. For her part, she didn’t seem to notice them. Roths descriptions and the inner dialogue of the narrator work together towards a poignant climax in which the narrators good intentions, belatedly conceived, come to nothing. Now thats true to life. 2 AM and Counting by Katrina Mohr I cant say I liked Katrina Mohrs story about the drug addict, but I certainly admire her skill in taking me inside the head of a junkie waiting to rob a liquor store. From the first sentence I know that hes a man who thinks about consequences and contingencies: The car window was crank-powered, not electric, but he preferred it that way. He never warmed up to the idea of being entombed in his car should it refuse to start. The author chooses words and descriptions to appeal to all the senses: the silver Zippo hissed he watched the smoke rise with his breath in the cold air The ashtray was full, spilling butts and gray-white powder Bruises along the underside of his arm throbbed impatiently and he felt like he was about to puke again. Congratulations to Daniel for generating so much participation in his second DWT writing competition. I look forward to the next one. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Handy Expressions About Hands50 Nautical Terms in General UsePhrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns

Holding Debates in Middle School Classes

Holding Debates in Middle School Classes Debates are wonderful, high-interest activities that can add great value to lessons for middle school students. They provide students with a change from the norm and allow them to learn and use new and different skills. They have the natural appeal of watching controlled disagreements while scoring points. Further, they are not very challenging to create. Here is a great guide explaining how to hold a class debate that shows how easy it can be if you plan ahead. Benefits of Debates One of the greatest benefits of using debates in class is that students will get to practice a number of important skills including: Learning about the topic assigned. Obviously, researching the topic involved provides students with more information than can be gleaned during in-class lessons. Further, by having to argue for or against a proposition, students have to dig deeper into a topic and look at it from both sides.Using important research skills as they prepare for the debate. Researching information is a learned skill. While many students will have been exposed to library use, encyclopedias, and Internet research during their elementary years, they will need to have these skills reinforced and expanded upon. Further, students will need to learn about ways to judge the validity and accuracy of web resources.Working together as a team both before and during the debate itself. Having students work together as they research and then perform the debate can help them learn important skills about cooperation and trust. Of course, as teachers, we have to have methods in place to ensure that all students are workin g. If one or more student is not pulling their weight, then the grades of the other team members should not be penalized. Practicing public speaking skills. Debates provide students with necessary practice for public speaking made easier by passionately arguing their point of view. This skill will be important for them the rest of their educational and possibly work career.Using critical thinking skills in a real world setting. Debates require students to think on their feet. When one team makes a valid point, the other team needs to be able to marshall their resources and come up with an effective response. Challenges for Middle School Teachers For these and other reasons, teachers often want to include debates in their lesson plans. However, implementing debates in middle school classes can sometimes be quite challenging. There are a number of reasons for this including: Varying maturity levels. Students in middle school are typically between the ages of 11 and 13. This is such a transitional period for students. Personal behavior and maintaining focus can be a challenge at times.Students may not have the necessary research skills. In many cases, students will not have had to research information in the way needed to do a good job in a class debate. Therefore, it is very important that you spend the time helping them prepare.Students may be self-conscious. Public speaking can be daunting. Having them act as a team can help. Creating Successful Debates Debates are a great part of a teachers repertoire of activities. However, there are a few caveats that must be remembered to make the debate successful. Pick your topic wisely, ensuring that it is acceptable for middle school students. Use the following list for great ideas in middle school debate topics.Publish your rubric before the debate. Your debate rubric helps students see how they will be graded.Consider holding a practice debate early in the year. This can be a fun debate where students learn the mechanics of the debate activity and can practice with a topic that they might already know a lot about.Figure out what you are going to do with the audience. You will probably want to keep your team down to about 2 to 4 students. Therefore, you will need to hold a number of debates in order to keep the grading consistent. At the same time, you will have the majority of your class watching as the audience. Give them something upon which they will be graded. You might have them fill out a sheet about each sides position. You might have them come up with and ask questions of each debate team. However, what you dont want is 4 to 8 stud ents involved in the debate and the rest of the class not paying attention and possibly causing distractions. Make sure that the debate does not become personal. There should be some basic ground rules established and understood. The debate should focus on the topic at hand and never on the people on the debate team. Make sure to build consequences into the debate rubric.

Why does Montaigne change so many definition of words Essay

Why does Montaigne change so many definition of words - Essay Example arbitrary, and people define concepts, according to their views of truth and reason, without considering the existence and validity of other truths and reasons. While people define â€Å"bodies† in the physical sense, they stress its sacredness, which is why they think that people who eat human flesh are â€Å"barbarians,† but Montaigne disagrees with the idealization of the human body, when it can serve many immoral purposes. He reminds his readers that â€Å"bodies† are not exactly detached from the act of being consumed or used in other corrupt ways. He provides examples of ancestors who ate the bodies of people who were â€Å"incapable of fighting† (114). This means that able bodies trump weaker ones, even if they both have bodies. People in power define â€Å"bodies† as they see fit, and the morality of doing so becomes blurred in different circumstances and cultures. â€Å"Barbarian† is another word with contested meanings. Montaigne defines â€Å"barbarous† as a concept coined by a society that looks down on a pure society, and if the latter are described as â€Å"wild,† they are wild because they are pure. He denigrates that people call something â€Å"barbarous,† simply because they are â€Å"contrary† to their â€Å"habits† (108). If these barbarians are considered â€Å"wild,† for him, they are wild in a good way. They are wild because â€Å"the true, the most useful, and natural virtues and properties are alive and vigorous† (Montaigne 109). Instead of seeing â€Å"wild† as the opposite of civilized, Montaigne argues that it is a civilization on its own that is not inferior to Western society. To be barbaric is related to â€Å"victory† and its many hued definitions. Montaigne describes â€Å"victory† as aligned to the simple desire of controlling people’s emotions. For the â€Å"barbarians,† â€Å"victory† happens when they have broken the spirit of their prisoners, until the latter beg for their lives (115). Montaigne differentiates this from the â€Å"victory† of

Marketing planning consultancy report for NLV Solutions Limited Essay

Marketing planning consultancy report for NLV Solutions Limited - Essay Example To launch the new integrated marketing communications campaign, designed to create brand recall in markets with little knowledge of the brand, considerable preliminary market research will need to be conducted to gain perspectives on consumer attitudes and lifestyles that will translate into an innovative procurement model with product emphasis. The logo utilised to make Vend-O-Matic stand out is based on retro-style signage common during the boom in automats in the 1960s to inspire nostalgic-based consumption behaviours. It is estimated that Vend-O-Matic will achieve a 40 percent increase in sales through this brand-building campaign, justified under premiumisation models in pricing and promotion and through establishment of more cooperative partnerships with many supply chain partners. This will be accomplished by devoting more capital and labour into the promotional function and ensuring innovation in product procurement. NLV Solutions: The Vend-O-Matic Brand 1.0 Situation analysi s Vend-O-Matic is an established brand serving the United Kingdom since the 1960s. Despite this longevity in the automatic vending market, NLV Solutions has been slow to respond to market changes in a sales environment that is strongly driven by consumer attitude and psycho-social characteristics. The methodology by which the company provides talent management through family-based channels is ineffective for response to changing market conditions that continues to erode profitability for this brand. The generic market needs are for top-quality, innovative vending machines, establishment of competitive pricing structures for price-sensitive buyers, and expression of total product convenience to gain target market interest. 1.1 Market summary NLV Solutions has captured quality information about the market and consumer characteristics that will drive success in this repositioning of the Vend-O-Matic brand. This information will be leveraged throughout the entire business model to under stand, specifically, which markets are being served, their tangible and emotional needs, and the most effective methodology to communicate with these markets. 1.2 Target market analysis The dominant market profile in this industry is the 16 to 34-year-old market. The secondary market is the consumer over the age of 55 that contributes profitability through hot beverage vending consumption. 1.3 Mission statement Vend-O-Matic aims to become the most recognisable and innovative vending brands in the UK. Through the establishment of close connections with buyers and renewed focus on customer relationship development, Vend-O-Matic seeks to become a market leader in quality, innovation and responsible product procurement. 1.4 Internal competency analysis Inflexibility under the current family-based management and governance structure is inefficient for achieving market and profit goals. Current management focuses too heavily on the tangibles of service and product and do not focus on the critical dimensions of intangibles required to establish a recognised brand. Consumers are largely risk averse and, to avoid uncertainty, will look for signs and evidence of quality, inferring these perceptions from communications, equipment, pricing, and symbols (Kotler and Keller 2007). Rather than focusing on radical management practices, leadership should be focusing on establishment of a recognised brand in key target markets that requires promotion of

Reebok Co Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reebok Co - Assignment Example The shoes of the company got popular not only in the athletic wear but also as casual wear. In 2009, Rebook recognised the changing trends and positioned itself as a premium sports brand which offers a lifestyle brand by focusing on fitness and training. Actually the heritage and roots of Reebok are associated with fitness/training therefore, by positioning the brand as a lifestyle shoe, Reebok not only fulfilled the changing needs of the consumers but it also developed a clear roadmap for its key businesses going forward (Khurana, 2010). What segments are they targeting today and why did they choose these segments? The change in positioning strategy from athletic shoe to lifestyle shoe helped Reebok to target various market segments. The company attracted the youth involved in cheerleading, gyms, and aerobics and average consumers (Womenreebok, 2011). Therefore, the major target market segments of Reebok are the youngsters involved in fitness and training activities of all kind beca use Reebok recognises fitness and training as a lifestyle of the youth.

Country Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Country Analysis - Essay Example The network identifies a business opportunity, amasses the capital and influences the investors to start a business in a viable market. Additionally, through the network the investors have increased control of the operations of the companies since the business owners elect a board of governors and appoint the chief executive among other influential individuals to run the companies. The American companies operating in France through such networks include LeBlanc Corporation, Allied Signal Laminate system, Trane Company and L.B White Company among others. Notably, the above companies belong to business people from the state of Wisconsin. LeBlanc, formerly known as the Noblet firm is a leading manufacturer of wind instruments in Europe. The company operates in a unique market targeting the elite societies in Europe who prefer the use of clean energy. The business that began in France’s LaCouture Boussey village has expanded its operation and is currently accessing other marketing in the region. Communication in the company occurs in French a feature that influences the operations of the company. Notably, the company further accesses other French speaking countries besides France such as Belgium and Quebec among others. The presence of the US chamber of commerce in France has therefore pioneered economic growth in the country since such business networks seek to intensify economic activities in the country. The development of such companies as Noblet firm currently known as the LeBlanc in 1904 portrays the fact that the business networks began early in time and have pioneered the growth of numerous companies in France thereby contributing to the economy of the country (Joseph, 1918). The expansion of markets as fostered by the American chamber of commerce in France helps grow the economies of both countries. By setting up companies in foreign countries, the networks provide

Effects of Malnourishment on Children when they Age Term Paper

Effects of Malnourishment on Children when they Age - Term Paper Example It is not starvation or poverty as such. It has got wider meaning than just poverty or starvation. In some occasions, malnutrition also means excess of afore said vitamins and minerals adversely affecting the good health of a person. However, it is the problem of under nutrition that most nations are concerned with. It is the children who mostly fall victims to under nutrition. These children may get food to satisfy their hunger but not inevitably the nutrients and minerals that are necessary for the proper development. It is estimated that more than fifty percent of the child deaths in the developing countries are due to malnutrition. Those who survive end up with life time problems. Similarly, it is wrong to assume that an overweight child is healthy. The fatty foods and chocolate bars one consumes will surely bring him into troubles such as fatness and cholesterol. Children being the future human resource reservoirs of a nation, any government neglecting attention to this, are com promising its own human resource needs of future. For the proper development and functioning of the human body vitamins and minerals are a must. They are unavoidable in the case of children as the momentum of growth is augmented at this age. The deficiency of minerals like calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, potassium, zinc and vitamins have their effects always on a growing child. As Scrimshaw (n.d.) points out, calcium is one of the major minerals lacked by children of under developed countries in their diet. It has a good involvement in the healthy development of bones and teeth of young people. The hardness of the bones is due to the presence of adequate calcium elements in the body. Due to the deficiency of calcium a lot of problems may occur to children. The most important among the bone disease caused by calcium deficiency is Osteoporosis that causes fractures in weak bones and makes bones easier to break. When children grow up, they deficiency they had in the childhood will hav e its effects and their bones will likely to be broken at the slightest collision or clash. At the growing age, children are expected to be exuberant and rushing everywhere causing little damage to their own bodies. However, children who suffer from Osteoporosis are not likely to be active and vibrant like normal children and are about to badly harm them if they try to behave like normal children. Another effect of malnourishment on children is their paled color. This paled color of the skin is caused by anemia. Iron deficiency is a major cause of this illness. It is the presence of iron that ensures sufficient number of red blood cells in the human body (Iron-Deficiency Anaemia). The anemia infected children will be fatigue and usually inactive. There may not be sufficient blood circulation in their body to make them energetic. It may also pave way to poisoning and infections and losing immunity power of body or may even cause behavioral problems among children. Children who did no t get adequate magnesium content diet may fall victims to problems like tingling, numbing and hallucination. Being frozen and indulge in day dreaming causing behavioral problems such as being introvert and sensitive. The symptoms of the deficiency of this mineral are fatigue, drowsiness and weakness. Absence of minerals like potassium elements in blood leads to a number of common diseases such as hypertension, osteoporosis and kidney stone. It is potassium that works to regulate blood pressure and muscle contraction. Increasing blood pressure is a sign of lack of potassium in blood.

Effects of Water Pollution on the Environment Research Paper

Effects of Water Pollution on the Environment - Research Paper Example The emissions from the vehicles contribute much in the production of carbon emissions. Water pollution can be seen as the part of the pollution. Most of the creatures are found in the sea, oceans, rivers and streams and most part of the world is covered with water. Most of water present in the world is saline and thus undrinkable for the humans. Only 2.5% of the world’s water resources are fresh and available of the human utilization (nlm.nih.gov, 2012). Water pollution is a broad term that is used to depict the pollution related to the saline as well as fresh water resources. Water resources have much influence on maintaining the environment of the world. It is a fact that oceanic occurrences have much influence on the environment of the world as oceans are the producers of oxygen and maintain the temperature and humidity that are essential for the environment and human life. Pollutants produced by the humans are diverted to the water bodies like the rivers, streams, oceans a nd seas. Pollution penetrate the water bodies directly and indirectly that contaminate the water and make the water bodies incompatible for the creatures to stay alive in. Most of the pollutants are less bio degradable and maintain existence in the bodies of the marine creatures that comes in the food cycle of the humans. A news article informs that mercury is found in the fish that conforms that the most pollutants remain in the bodies of the marine creatures. Direct pollutant that are directed towards the water bodies are industrial wastes, wash over of industrial waste, oil waste, city sewage waste, chemical waste, waste released from ships and ship wreckage wastes. These types of wastes penetrate the water bodies and endanger the sensitive marine plant and animal species. On the other hand, the pollutants from the industries prevent the atmospheric oxygen from entering the water. Oil residue over the top of the water is the example of such pollutants that restrict atmospheric ox ygen from entering the water. On the other hand, the residues from the chemical industry including bleach that is mostly utilized in the textile manufacturing and washing is dropped into the water bodies that also restrict the oxygen from being entering the water bodies. If the water has no oxygen, no creature can survive in the water. The indirect pollution is the type of pollution that is not directly or willingly diverted to the water bodies. The aerosol emissions from the factories and vehicles move towards the seas and oceans and the particles and emissions are absorbed by the water that pollute the water and become a constant danger for the marine creature. The major reason of the motion of the particles towards the oceans seas and lakes is to obey the law of diffusion that states â€Å"diffused particles move from the region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration†. In case of aerosol particles are in the region of higher concentration, which are m ostly cities, and industrial hubs, where as the regions of lower concentration are the oceans and seas. The green house emissions dissolve into the water and penetrate into the bodies of the marine creatures. Some of the most affected marine animals are the oceanic plants, fish species and particularly microscopic plants that contribute much in providing the food for the marine creatures. The most significant impact of the water pollution is the scarcity of water in major regions of the world. In

Effects of Malnourishment on Children when they Age Term Paper

Effects of Malnourishment on Children when they Age - Term Paper Example It is not starvation or poverty as such. It has got wider meaning than just poverty or starvation. In some occasions, malnutrition also means excess of afore said vitamins and minerals adversely affecting the good health of a person. However, it is the problem of under nutrition that most nations are concerned with. It is the children who mostly fall victims to under nutrition. These children may get food to satisfy their hunger but not inevitably the nutrients and minerals that are necessary for the proper development. It is estimated that more than fifty percent of the child deaths in the developing countries are due to malnutrition. Those who survive end up with life time problems. Similarly, it is wrong to assume that an overweight child is healthy. The fatty foods and chocolate bars one consumes will surely bring him into troubles such as fatness and cholesterol. Children being the future human resource reservoirs of a nation, any government neglecting attention to this, are com promising its own human resource needs of future. For the proper development and functioning of the human body vitamins and minerals are a must. They are unavoidable in the case of children as the momentum of growth is augmented at this age. The deficiency of minerals like calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, potassium, zinc and vitamins have their effects always on a growing child. As Scrimshaw (n.d.) points out, calcium is one of the major minerals lacked by children of under developed countries in their diet. It has a good involvement in the healthy development of bones and teeth of young people. The hardness of the bones is due to the presence of adequate calcium elements in the body. Due to the deficiency of calcium a lot of problems may occur to children. The most important among the bone disease caused by calcium deficiency is Osteoporosis that causes fractures in weak bones and makes bones easier to break. When children grow up, they deficiency they had in the childhood will hav e its effects and their bones will likely to be broken at the slightest collision or clash. At the growing age, children are expected to be exuberant and rushing everywhere causing little damage to their own bodies. However, children who suffer from Osteoporosis are not likely to be active and vibrant like normal children and are about to badly harm them if they try to behave like normal children. Another effect of malnourishment on children is their paled color. This paled color of the skin is caused by anemia. Iron deficiency is a major cause of this illness. It is the presence of iron that ensures sufficient number of red blood cells in the human body (Iron-Deficiency Anaemia). The anemia infected children will be fatigue and usually inactive. There may not be sufficient blood circulation in their body to make them energetic. It may also pave way to poisoning and infections and losing immunity power of body or may even cause behavioral problems among children. Children who did no t get adequate magnesium content diet may fall victims to problems like tingling, numbing and hallucination. Being frozen and indulge in day dreaming causing behavioral problems such as being introvert and sensitive. The symptoms of the deficiency of this mineral are fatigue, drowsiness and weakness. Absence of minerals like potassium elements in blood leads to a number of common diseases such as hypertension, osteoporosis and kidney stone. It is potassium that works to regulate blood pressure and muscle contraction. Increasing blood pressure is a sign of lack of potassium in blood.

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 18

Art - Essay Example Deaccessions of the objects can only take place when the objects to not match the mission of the museum. The re-opening of museum in Bagdad was meant to give political mileage to the politicians. In an open letter addressed to the government by Donny George and Rakowitzs, expressed concerns over shortest duration with which the preparation of the museum under-went for its re-opening. Despite all these efforts, the government through the Minister of Tourism went ahead to re-open the museum. The notion that of the â€Å"strong takes it all† is a common phrase frequently put into practice in Iraq today. This is evident from the creation of the ministry of tourism to oversee the management of the museums. This is contrary to the old system where the ministry of culture had this mandate. The re-opening of the museum was more of an exhibition as stated by Amira Aidan in an email. This is because; 8 out of the 26 rooms were open and a few items on display. Security situation in Iraq prompted a policy of allowing 50% of the staff to make it to work on a single day with the other 50% on the following day. Close to 50% percent of the objects missing from the museum due to security lapses in the country. It is important to note that museums play a significant role in preserving a country’s heritage through generations. Governments should therefore come up with relevant policies to ensure that museums are preserved (Merritt and Reilly 23-25). Regulations that undermine the independent operations of the museum would eventually make them collapse due to loss of objects within the

Experiences of African Americans During the Civil War Period Essay Example for Free

Experiences of African Americans During the Civil War Period Essay The 1860s and 1870s were particularly trying times for African Americans. The Civil War which lasted from 1861 to 1865 saw America undergo social and political change as Americans struggled to redefine their idea of race and face the question of slavery. More importantly still were the experiences of blacks during and after the war as they fought to be accorded the same rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. In the early days of the war, the issue of slavery was avoided vehemently by Lincoln and Davis (Norton et al. 2008) despite it being an essential issue in the war between the North and South. In fact, freeing the slaves was never an agenda of the North. The North was against slavery because they perceived the South, who was pro slavery, as a threat to the North’s social and political order (Norton et al. , 2008). Consequently, being against slavery did not necessarily mean Northerners were not racist. In fact, many still saw themselves as racially superior to the blacks. Despite the apparent racial prejudice, blacks in the South still saw in the Union army their route to freedom. After Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation allowing blacks to serve in the Union cause, thousands of slaves, amongst them, one John Boston (Linden Pressly, n. d), fled their masters and joined the Union army in their fight against the South. Many blacks sought to assert their manhood despite discrimination in the army through the display of bravery and valor. Still more died, like the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts regiment, in their fight for equality. Therefore, although Lincoln had given them a motive to reak free, it was the blacks’ own courage to fight for their own freedom which ultimately led to their emancipation. The North’s victory over the South in 1865 meant that the slaves were finally free. As freedpeople, one of their foremost desires was to own land as land meant subsistence and sufficiency (Norton et al, 2008). Also, because it was all they had known to do, many fell back on plantation agriculture as their livelihood. Some, like Josua Culverson and Major X Whiteing, applied for leases through the U. S. Com of Plantations (Linden Pressly, n. ). Because most freedpeople had no money to purchase land, they could only lend it on credit. However, because of preexisting prejudices, freedpeople found even that to be a task. Consequently, they returned to their old farms where they had worked as slaves. However, unlike previously, these freedpeople sought to better their situation by reaching an agreement with the owner through a system known as sharecropping. Often, such an agreement would entail the provision of food and seeds in exchange for a portion of the crop earnings (Norton et al. 2008). Such is the case between William R. Steen, a white citizen, and Caroline, a colored woman; along with 7 other Arkansas freedpeople whom by contract, had to give one third part of the crop raised upon the farm by their labor to the owner of the farm (Linden Pressly, n. d). The years 1865 to 1877 saw efforts in reconstructing the war-torn South. A huge hurdle existed then to reconcile the freed blacks with southern whites, who were so used to operating in a slave society that their prejudices could not be eradicated so easily. Furthermore, they were threatened by the rise of black status and into the ranks of political power so much so that a group of whites came together and formed the first Ku Klux Klan; a society which sought to maintain white supremacy through intimidation, violence and terrorism (Norton et al. , 2008). Klansmen committed murder, arson, and rape whilst asserting their notion of white supremacy. As a result, despite having been emancipated, the freed blacks still suffered considerable pain and fear under the hands of the Ku Klux Klan. Amongst the most targeted were blacks who had rose to political power. Ann J. Edwards, the daughter of a black Congressman recounted that â€Å"We, his family, lived in constant fear A day or two before election a mob gathered†¦in front of the house, and we thought the end had come. † (Sterling, n. d). More gruesome was the story of Joe Johnson who was elected into the Republican office. He was burnt nearly to death, and shot because of his refusal to resign from office (Sterling, n. ). His execution was witnessed by his wife who could do nothing against the oppressive terror and violence of the Ku Klux Klan. Blacks were not the only victims of the Ku Klux Klan regime. Whites who openly supported blacks saw their lives being threatened as well. Hannah Flournoy, a black woman, gave account of an execution involving a white Georgian who had supported the black cause. â€Å"[Men] bolted right in and commenced shooting†¦They were disguised but I knew a great many of them. Hannah â€Å"thought it right to take [Ashburn] in† and was â€Å"willing to die for him† simply on the basis of him being a Republican (Sterling, n. d). The incident reflected the loyalty of many blacks to stand beside those, white or otherwise, who sought to uphold their natural rights. Teachers were another group being targeted. Colored schools came under the attack of the Klan and were burnt to the ground (Norton et al, 2008). Many blacks endured the hardship of abuse and violence despite its injustice and unlawfulness. Recounted Harriet Hernandez, â€Å"He struck me on the forehead with a pistol†¦kicked me over [the fence]†¦dragged and beat [me and my daughter] along. † Despite the blacks being freed in the South, the activities of the Ku Klux Klan ensured that blacks would not enjoy the same rights as whites. â€Å"[Colored people] have no satisfaction to live like humans†¦all summer I have been working and it is impossible for me to enjoy it†, said Harriet (Sterling, n. d). Despite all the violence inflicted on them, blacks exhibited extraordinary courage in the face of threats by Klansmen. Emeline Bremfield whose husband was a target of the Klan, stood unwavering in the face of death, as the Klan confronted her of her husband’s whereabouts (Sterling, n. d). Blacks even went out of their way to fit into a black aggrieved society. Many like, Caroline Smith and Lucy McMillan, dressed down in order not to stand out for fear of being whipped (Sterling, n. d). Although the Ku Klux Klan‘s primary motive was the assertion of white political power, Klansmen took every opportunity they got to assert white supremacy mindsets. McMillan’s house was burned simply because she had mentioned she wanted to own land. Smith was whipped only to remind her not to â€Å"sass any white ladies† (Sterling, n. d). Aside from the destruction of property and life, black women suffered in yet another form – sexual assault. Klansmen sought to assert their superiority over black women by sexually harassing them. Some black women were even mutilated, like Frances Gilmore who was â€Å"cut with a knife†, or gang raped (Sterling, n. d). Racial hostility and terror ultimately brought down the Republican regime in the South. Efforts by the Ku Klux Klan prevented strong presence of the Republican coalition in the South and a restoration of the Democratic majority. The Klan continued to terrorize black people and ran amok until the Enforcement Acts and subsequent persecutions brought an end to the first Klan. Overall, the blacks suffered greatly during the Civil War and Reconstruction Era. Despite having obtained emancipation, prejudices continued to affect their lives. Although we now know that it did not succeed in driving them out of the country, blacks today continue to face the same prejudices.

Iago: Suffering Through Evil Essay -- Literary Analysis

What is it that makes a person evil? Is it their actions, their words, or their thoughts? Is it more acceptable if â€Å"the end justifies the means†? Telling a lie that doesn’t have a negative effect on anyone, and that saves someone grief, is considered good. So why is killing someone to save others considered bad? The morality of an action is based solely on the outcome. Thus, doing anything whatsoever that is required to get the desired result, regardless of the methods used, would be considered â€Å"ok† if the result was of a good nature. Human nature is hardwired in us through the brain. So, human nature, being good or evil, is hardwired in us as well. It is our choice whether or not to act on these thoughts of sinful nature. For Iago, he not only thinks about crude things he also acts upon those thoughts. The actions of a military warrior, executed in normal society, show the â€Å"ethical blindness† of a man with no filter of morality (). The soldier’s jealousy converges with his personal injustice to direct his passion of hate towards the Moor. Iago accuses Othello of having relations with his wife, and that Othello has not given him the correct rank that he has earned after years of service at Othello’s side. Iago had devoted his intelligence and efficiency to good and, from that he gained nothing. Othello gave the lieutenant ship to Cassio and thus turned Iago’s jealousy towards Cassio as well. After this, he changes his course of action to obtaining his own personal interpretation of justice. Even though Iago is intelligent, crafty, and subtle he can’t control his jealous suspicions that â€Å"Othello has played him false with Emilia† (McCloskey). Iago then goes on to state his plot to get revenge, â€Å"nothing can or shall content my sou... ...e can’t effectively foresee the events coming to him (McCloskey). The irony of his quest of justice and revenge is that he suffers in the end. Works Cited Abnernethy, Julian W. "Honest Iago." Jstor: The Sweannee Review. The John Hopkins University Press. Web. 11 Apr. 2012. Kennedy, X.J., and Dana Gioia. Backpack Literature. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2012. 762-875. Print. West, Fred. â€Å"Iago the Psychopath.† South Atlantic Modern Language Association. South Atlantic Bulletin. 43.2 (1978): 27-35. Web 11 Apr. 2012.. McCloskey, John C. "The Motivation of Iago." National Council of Teachers of English . 3.1 (1941): 25-30. Web. 11 Apr. 2012. . Machiavelli’s The Prince a summary with quotations

A Clockwork Orange :: essays research papers

The narrator, 15-year-old Alex, and his gang - Dim, Pete, and Georgie - run amok in futuristic London. When the foursome isn't downing drug-laced milk in the Korova Milkbar and speaking in the Slavic-influenced slang of nadsat, they are robbing, beating, and raping socialist London's citizens. On this particular night, they beat up an old man with science books and a homeless man, get into a fight with a rival gang led by Billybob, and steal a car and take it for a joyride to the country. At a cottage labeled "HOME," they beat up the author of "A Clockwork Orange" - a manuscript celebrating human free will and denouncing any infringement upon it - and rape his wife. Back at the Korova Milkbar, Alex hits Dim for interrupting a woman singing a piece from an opera - Alex is a great lover of classical music, especially Beethoven, and he always imagines himself engaging in violent and sexual acts while listening to it. Alex's parents are ineffectual, and his farcical Post-Corrective Adviser, P.R. Deltoid, cannot fathom why London's youth has turned to criminality. The next night, Alex gets into a fight with Dim and Georgie to assert his leadership. The gang proposes they rob a rich old woman's house. After an unsuccessful attempt to get the woman to open the door, Alex sneaks into the house while his friends wait outside. He gets into a fight with the woman and her cats, but the police soon arrive. His friends betray him, temporarily blinding him while they flee, and Alex is arrested. The police brutalize Alex and are elated to have caught him. Alex soon discovers the woman has died, and he is sentenced to 14 years of jail for murder. Alex, now known as number "6655321," spends two years in State jail, dealing with brutal wardens, homosexual prisoners, and mindless labor. He relates that Georgie has died. His one supporter in prison is the chaplain, who has taken Alex under his wing since Alex got interested in the Bible - little does he know that Alex entertains violent fantasies when reading the book. Alex asks about a new treatment - Ludovico's Technique - which frees the prisoner and ensures he remains free. The chaplain is skeptical about the treatment, as it eliminates the subject's power to choose. A cell scuffle results in Alex's killing a new prisoner, and the powerful Minister of the Interior asks the prison Governor to use Alex as a guinea pig for the new treatment.

Parenting Styles and Prosocial Behavior Essay

Parents often play a large role in the development of their son’s or daughter’s morality, social behavior, education, habits, and many other areas. Therefore, parents contain tremendous power when it comes to shaping their offspring. Due to this tremendous amount of power, researchers had an inclination that certain parenting styles have effect on their child’s BMI. The evidence found in the study suggests that there is a possible relation between the type of parenting styles and the fluctuation of their children’s BMI. The researchers of this article, based upon past studies, hypothesized that the four major parenting styles they presented would should greater increases in BMI than other styles (Fuemmeler, 2012). The researchers funded by several government grants such as the National Cancer Institute Grant and National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Grant found an effective way to carry out this study. First, the researchers gave the individuals (ages11-21) being tested a survey about their parents to determine the style the parent used. The survey was broke down into tests. One test determined acceptance of the parent, while the other determined control. Based on the answers given by the child, the parent’s styles were determined and were broken up into four categories. These four categories were permissive, authoritarian, disengaged, and balanced. As a result, the categories would serve as the independent variables in the study. Once the child’s parenting type was established, the researchers monitored the kids BMI over an eleven year span to watch for any increases or decreases. The BMI, the dependent variable in the study, showed greater increases in the kids who had a balanced style parenting. This result surprised the researchers because they believed that the authoritarian and disengaged parent types would show greater increases. Although, the authoritarian and disengaged parent types didn’t show increases in BMI more than the balanced style, they did associate to lees leveling off of trajectories over time (Fuemmeler, 2012). This study showed relation between the parenting styles and BMI’s of their children, but this study does not present a causal relationship between the two. It cannot show a causal relationship for a number of reasons. One reason is due to the fact that the study refuses to acknowledge factors causing association between parenting styles and BMI. For example, a parent that practices a disengaged style and lives in an obese home environment may encourage poor eating and exercise habits in their kid’s lives. Also in order for the study to demonstrate causation, the researcher would have had to alter the parenting styles and make greater changes to the weight and diet of the individuals being studied (Fuemmeler, 2012). Some things that should have been changed in the study would be the way the measurements were recorded. Instead of having a self-reported height and weight, the researchers should have had their own workers record the measurements for more accuracy. Another flaw in the study was that the style of parenting before adolescence was never examined. Which leaves the question of whether parenting styles in adolescence or pre adolescence has more of an effect on BMI. Fuemmeler, B. F., Yang, C., Costanzo, P., Hoyle, R. H., Siegler, I. C., Williams, R. B., & Østbye, T. (2012). Parenting styles and body mass index trajectories from adolescence to adulthood. Health Psychology, 31(4), 441-449

American Electronics International Essay

1. Whose responsibility is it to staff the office? In this case, it appears that it is the CEO of AEI. He would be the head of the matrix system at this point. 2. What should be Blen Carty’s role, as well as that of Dr. Runnels? Blen Carty is the director of project management. Dr. Runnels is the director of engineering. I believe that Ben Carty should be responsible for requesting who he needs to head the project; however Dr. Runnels should have the final say in who he gives up out of his department. They need to openly communicate and realize the importance of each other’s needs. 3. Should Larry Gilbert be assigned? I personally do not think Larry Gilbert should be assigned to head the project. Richard Flag has a proven track record of success. I feel that the project manager should be Richard Flag and that Gilbert should work under him, even though he is a higher level engineer. It is Flag’s responsibility to manage the project, even though he does not have as much engineering expertise. 4. How would you negotiate with the functional managers? I would explain that Flag would be heading the project, and also relay to them the importance and magnitude of the project. Hopefully if they understood the effect the project would have in the grand scheme of things, they would be more open to giving up some of their staff. Perhaps helping the functional managers see the way this project could benefit the company, and in turn them, they would be easier to sell on giving up some important staff for such a long period of time.

Compair Voyages by Chinese Fleet in Early 1400s to Voyages of Lberians

Cody Gundick History Oct 8, 2012 History Essay For most of the last several thousand years, it would have seemed far likelier that Chinese or Indians, not Europeans, would dominate the world by the year 2000, and that America and Australia would be settled by Chinese rather than by the inhabitants of a backward island called Britain. (The Prequel, Kristof p552) The voyages by the Chinese fleet were very different but had some similarities to the voyages of the Liberians. The Portuguese and Spaniards had different goals, because of their heritage, in the voyages.Depending on what Spanish voyage it was the captain of the voyages were different but sometimes similar in some ways. The Chinese were far more advanced in technology that the Spaniards or the Portuguese were. Westerners often attribute their economic advantage today to the intelligence, democratic habits, or hard word of their forebears, but a more important reason may well have been the folly of fifteenth-century Chinese rul ers. (The Prequel, Kristof p. 553) Zheng He was a muslin from a rebel family and had seized by the Chinese army when he was a boy.The turning point in the 1400s was when Admiral Zheng He sailed from China to concur the world on several voyages. One captain similar to Zheng He was Vasco da Gama. In 1497 the Portuguese seaman led a fleet of for ships around the southern tip of Africa into the Indian Ocean. He kind of copied off of Bartolomeu Dias but Vasco da Gama didn’t return back to Portugal. Both of those men worked for their king while Zheng He did it all for himself. Not to be selfish, he didn’t keep all the knowledge he got for himself he just went on the expeditions and didn’t have to take orders from anyone.Vasco da Gama was trying to give riches to his king but he failed when none of his worthless gifts were successful. However, his voyages were all about trade routs. They were looking for another way to get to Europe instead of taking the treacherous wa y across the land. ZHeng He was not interested in trade routs nor with Europe at all. Another captain that has to take orders from a king is Christopher Columbus. He was an Italian sailor from Genoa. He tried to sail west to Asia but as many people know today that is impossible.Columbus reached the Caribbean islands thinking he was by China and Japan. Zheng He would probably laugh in Columbus’s face if Christopher came up to Zheng and asked him to fund his voyages. First Columbus named the islands after his king and queen then he wandered around looking for big cities. He was greatly interested in the people and wanted to learn their speech and ways. Zheng He would have showed up to the island, took one leader and some interesting items back home and try to learn about it from there.If Columbus had as much power, money, and technology as Zheng He there voyages wouldn’t have been much different. The goals of the Spaniards were far different from those of Zheng He. As I said before Zheng He was not concerned in spreading his religions, customs, or technologies. He just wanted to learn about the world in his own way. Yes he had a lot of soldiers but he didn’t capture and concur land with them. He just plundered the lands for knowledge and items. A far different captain from Zheng He was Hernan Cortes.Cortes, of minor noble descent, at the age of nineteen sailed to the Indies, where he established a big estate on the island of Hispaniola. When he heard stories of Montezuma’s gold he was determined to take it from him. (The Conquest of New Spain, Bernal Diaz p598) Unlike Columbus and Zheng He, Cortes geared up for war. He brought 500 soldiers, eleven ships, 16 horses, and several pieces of artillery. (The Conquest of New Spain, Bernal Diaz p598) Cortes still had to follow the rules of his leader but he later disobeyed him and became a wanted man back as his country.Cortes was not interested in trade or economic issues to better his home country. He was determined to have everything for him self and to try spread Christianity to please the king. That also comes with trying to in slave all of the Indians. That he did after he used his brilliant strategy to kill Montezuma and take over the city. The only thing that Zheng He did badly for himself was when he wanted to get items that he had nothing to give in return beside Peaceful power projection. It was that Zheng He promised to ally with the people that gave him what he wanted.The Spaniards did terrible things to the Indians. The took infants from their mothers breast, snatching hem by the legs and pitching them headfirst against the crags or snatched them by the arms and threw them into the rivers, roaring with laughter and saying as the babies fell into the water, Boil there you offspring of the devil. (The Devastation of the Indies, Bartolome De Las Casas p615) If Zheng He had that kind of attitude of capture and concur he could have easily done it. But thank god he didn’t.Zheng He, in my opinion, could do anything he wanted. China was the worlds powerhouse and I wish Zheng He went to the Indians before the Spaniards to give them Peaceful Power Projection because he could have allied with them and gave them protection from the evil blood thirsty Spaniards. Even though he was behind in time China was far more advanced than any other country. In Zheng He’s time, China and India together accounted for more than half of the world’s gross national produce. (The Prequel, Kristof p553) As they have for most of history.In 1820 China accounted for 29% of the global economy and India another 16%, according to the calculations of Angus Maddison, a leading British economic historian. Zheng He’s fleet was far bigger than any Spanish or Portugal fleet. Not until World War I did the west mount anything comparable to his fleet. His ships were filled with 28,000 sailors on 300 ships, (The Prequel, Kristof p552) and all he was con cerned about was learning. Zheng He could have easily continued around the Cape of Good Hope and established direct trade with Europe.But as they saw it Europe was a backward region and China had little interest in it. (The Prequel, Kristof p554) Because China was not driven by conquest or imperialistic domination I would have much rather be a soldier on his ship than any other ship sponsored by a king and queen. To conclude, the Spanish were concerned about spreading Christianity, Portugal wanted trade, that’s probably why they had one of the greatest ports, and China, well just the emperor wanted to learn about the world around him. Too bad that was not continued after his death.

Identify the most consequential features of 'new media' and assess how Essay

Identify the most consequential features of 'new media' and assess how and why sociological theory and concepts deal with these - Essay Example In line with this, this paper aims at recognizing the various features of new media and analyzing the sociological concepts that can be derived from the affirmed features. The linkage of networks, capitalism, virtual relationships, digitalism, selfishness to geographical distances, and cultural identities are the main features of new media whose influence on sociological concepts will be reviewed. The linkage of networks The term â€Å"networks† within sociology is used to refer to the different connections between diverse actors, where these connections are driven by new media. Networks, according to Gane & Beer (2008, pp. 30), can be referred to as â€Å"dynamic systems that contain infinite creative possibilities, for they bring entities into contact in ways that would previously have been unimaginable.† Platforms are created through interfaces, where various media can be linked and information easily shared by huge numbers of people (Gane & Beer, 2008, pp.7). The sh aring of information is easier due to reduced time and cost, and augmented speed of sharing information since there is no environmental supply chain. Gane & Beer (2008, pp. ... zation and production, to create common new media capable of performing complex tasks that could only be performed using different devices during the analogue period. For example web pages getting merged with T.V channels to come up with a mode of information sharing in which people can get real-life stories in a very short time. Essentially, this means that new media has brought about new ways of representing the world, meaning that even the sociological and cultural meanings ascribed to world phenomenon have changed. Using the social network analysis, according to Gane & Beer (2008, pp. 14) gives an empirical view of the way in which actors operate within networks. Networks are seen as means through which capitalism is advanced in the society, since they allow for the easy flow of capital (Gane & Beer, 2008, pp. 23). Economic role: capitalism In today’s society, a person has to be included on the network in order to be an active participant in social activities. The network society brought about by novel media has stratified the society and brought about new forms of disparities (Webster, 2006, pp. 111). In an ideal world, in information labor, there are classes of people with some termed as â€Å"manual workers† whose stringency to technical change renders them unable of acquiring wealth. Informational capitalism distinguishes against the unskilled and uneducated therefore placing them at the lowest level of social classes. This class of people in the words of Castells (2001, pp. 94), is socially punished for failing to invest in intellectual capital. The digital economy typified by the new media has led to labor exploitation of temporary workers (Fish & Srinivasan, 2011, pp. 138). Digitally distributed labor relies on user-distributed content which comes from

My Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

My Final Exam - Essay Example Bottom-up mode, on the other hand, rooted for rural development and distributional issues through small-scale bottom-up projects that directly engaged the urban and rural poor population in income-generating schemes. The advocated activities are envisaged to generate profit, savings, and investment at the grassroots level, thus reducing the need for income to trickle down via the market hierarchy (United Nations 2009, p.4). Bottom up initiatives highlight the participation of the local community in development initiatives and empower the communities to establish their own goals and the means of attaining those goals. One of the most significant and critical issues regarding international development is getting the right resources to places where they are needed most, and guaranteeing that the resources remain integrated in a sustainable manner. In fact, some authors assert the catastrophe of aid is the absence of accountability and meaningful investment. The authors assert that the massive monetary allocation to developing countries projects has failed to deliver the envisaged objectives, and the countries manifests shockingly minimal growth. This may flow from bureaucratic interventions by governments, foreign agencies, or multinationals, which frequently impose top-down solutions that ignore the needs and wishes of the bottom. Conversely, acknowledgement and addressing of community issues through community-developed remedies is critical to the understanding of the delicate intricacies of local issues, as well as to the success and sustainability of such projects (United Nations 2002, p.65). Capacity building can be delineated into four interventions directed at producing sustained change. These include top-down approach; bottom-up approach; partnership approach; and community organizing approach. Participatory approaches to development require redefining of the relationship between donors, development workers,