Essay on Free

Essay on Free Will and Determinism EssayExplain what take overdom and tangible determinism are and why they seem to conflict. How would you resolve this conflict? Give reasons for your answer. Physical determinism is believing in the fact that every event has a cause. (Theodore Sider, pg 113) And that a range reaction of such would cause an inevitcapable event to occur. E. g. The invasion of Poland by Hitler in 1939. (Theodore Sider, pg 115) Freedom is the belief that you are able to act on your take free will irrespective of what event has occured, that a decision you make is entirely of your own volition. It is the belief that our life is not predetermined and we are able to influence our future. FROM A SCIENTIFIC POINT OF VIEW, THE DECISIONS WE energise AND HOW WE BEHAVE are STUDYABLE, EXPLAINABLE AND IF GIVEN ENOUGH TIME, PREDICTABLE AND CONTROLLABLE. (THEODORE SIDER, PG 114) THIS WOULD INDICATE WHEN THE WHY WE DO WHAT WE DO IS DISCOVERED, WE CAN FULLY DETERMINE WHAT A PERSON WOULD DO IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT, THUS LEADING TO THE DETERIORATION OF FREEDOM FOR THAT PERSON.There are 3 ways to resolve this conflict, of which the first is to reject the belief of freedom in what is called hard determinism. (Theodore Sider, pg 117) A complete rejection of freedom would demean any meaning of animation so I will not consider it. THE OPPOSITE OF THIS IS THE LIBERTARIAN, WHICH BELIEVES THAT PEOPLE ARE EXCLUDED FROM DETERMINISM AS THE SCIENCE IS UNABLE TO COMPLETELY STUDY , OR RATHER, MAKE SENSE OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PREDICT WHAT A HUMAN CAN DO.(THEODORE SIDER, PG 119) I FEEL THIS IS BECAUSE OF THE DIFFICULTY IN OBTAINING THE ABSURD AMOUNT OF INFORMATION AND FACTORS THAT leave ALLOW FOR THE PREDICTION OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR. The problem with the libertarians explaination is the lack of definition for the word freedom, as rejecting determinism would mean actions of a person would be uncaused, and therefore random. (Theodore Sider, pg 119) Thus an vagary calle d agent causation is found, such that you only act freely when your action is not caused in the mechanistic way but is caused by you of your own free will.This does not work as the the realm of physics has to be rejected in order for the libertarian to fully resolve this conflict. THE LAST AND MOST VIABLE order TO RESOLVE THIS CONFLICT IS CALLED SOFT DETERMINISM (THEODORE SIDER, PG 125) SOFT DETERMINISM STATES THAT A FREE ACTION IS ONE THAT IS CAUSED BY THE PERSONS BELIEF AND appetiteS, PROVIDED THAT THOSE BELIEFS AND DESIRES FLOW FROM WHO THE PERSON IS. (THEODORE SIDER, PG 130) IT IS A THEORY THAT ACTIONS ARE CAUSED BY ONES BELIEFS AND DESIRES. THE scratch line-ORDER DESIRE ARE DESIRES TO DO THINGS.WHERE A SECOND-DESIRE IS A DESIRE TO HAVE A FIRST-ORDER DESIRE. WHEN THE FIRST-ORDER DESIRE IS CAUSED BY THE SECOND-ORDER DESIRE, THEN IT IS SAID TO BE menstruum FROM WHO THE PERSON IS. (THEODORE SIDER, PG 131) A person goes to school for education because he believes that it is the best alternative he has as opposed to starting to work without an education. This is a aspect where a first-order desire comes from a second-order desire, which then implies the action of going to school comes from the self.A PERSON AFFLICTED WITH A COMPULSION TO HOARD, ALTHOUGH HE MIGHT DESIRE TO NOT DO SO, HIS ACTIONS OF HOARDING IS SAID TO BE DONE WITHOUT FREE WILL. FROM THIS STEMS FIRST AND SECOND ORDER OF DESIRE, WHERE HIS SECOND ORDER OF DESIRE IS NOT TO HOARD, AND HIS FIRST ORDER OF DESIRE IS TO HOARD, THIS CONTRADICTS AND HIS ACTIONS ARE SAID TO BE NOT OF FLOWING FROM THE SELF. REFERENCES Sider, T. (2005). Free will and determinism. In E. Conee, T, Sider (Eds. ), Riddles of existence A guided tour of metaphysics (pp. 112-133). bracing York, NY Oxford University Press.

Existentialism is a Humanism Essay Example for Free

Existentialism is a Hu sliceism EssayIn Existentialism is a Humanism, Sartre explains that in human beings, existence precedes union. Meaning, humans are created without any purpose, besides with growth and maturing they find their purpose. J. P. Sartre gives the example of the paper clip, noting that this inanimate object was created with the intent of a purpose. Therefore, that idea lead to its creation. He uses this example to demonstrate essence precedes existence. He states, man is nothing else, but what he makes of himself. Simply put, us as humans are first born than we create our own paths in our lives and who we shall be in life.This explains that through our actions and decisions we make in our lives, molds us into the beings we become. Further mentioning that we are the choices we make, are we amenable for who are as individuals because of that. Sartre goes on to say on that point are two kinds of existentialists. One of them being Christians, Catholics, or p eople who call back in theology. As well as atheistic existentialists who do not believe in God such as himself. However, one thing they share is both groups believe in the idea of existence precedes essence. But, those who believe in God believes God was a superior origin who created people with a purpose, which ties into the idea of the paper clip. With that being said, though men has diverse traits and characteristics, they share the same sanctioned qualities because if human nature. On the other hand, the atheistic view believes God is nonexistent and a man starts as nothing and later defines himself. Therefore, Sartre states, There is no determinism, man is free, man is freedom. We have no values or commands to turn to which legitimize our conduct. In other words, we have no excuses, and we are entirely responsible for our decisions.Therefore, there is no God to provide guidance on the proper way to live and we must find that out through our choices. He goes on the idea o f subjectivism, saying that one mans acts creates the image of every man as a whole. Which, develops the idea of what men ought to be as individuals. Sartre overly replies that, it is impossible for man to transcend human subjectivity. He isnt saying I prefer subjectivity over objectivity, hes asking, how can we possibly not be subjective? Even the religious individual who believes that morality is absolute and comes from God must, at some point, choose to believe that this is the case.Our responsibility is a blessing and a curse. It leads us to touch things like anguish and hopelessness. We experience anguish in the face of our subjectivity, because by choosing what we are to do, we choose for everyone. When you make a decision you are saying this is how anyone ought to behave given these circumstances. Many people dont feel anguish, but this is because they are fleeing from it. If you dont feel a sense of anxiety when you make decisions, its because you are forgetting abou t your total and deep responsibility toward yourself and all of humanity.Despair arises because we only have power to change things that are within our power to change, and there is a lot we cannot change. With that being said, reality is unbiased and out of our control, except for small aspects of it here and there. We despair because we can never have full control of the future. However, we are the rulers of our lives, we take the responsibility of our actions and ourselves in general. Regardless of what you believe, this cannot be any other way.

The Giver by Lois Lowry Chapter Summary

The bestower by Lois Lowry Chapter SummaryChapter SummariesEach summary must have at 4-5 sentences.Chapter 1 In chapter 1 in the bestower we learn ab extinct what jonass life is like in the community. We learn that there atomic number 18 a lot of rules. Like you cant fly a plane over the community and if you disobey the rules then you get squirtd. Jonas is going to the ceremony of twelve in december, which he is nervous ab by. We also find out that people get assigned to families and in a family you can unless have a female, a male and two children. That is what we have found out in chapter 1Chapter 2 In chapter 2 we learn close what the ceremony of twelve is and what happens there. The ceremony of twelve is where all told of the elevens go to a ceremony and recieve their life assingnment. The olds watch the elevens very closely to agree what jobs leave behind fit them best. Jonass parents are in law and order and nurturers. Jonas does not k straightaway what job will fit him best and he is worried he will get a job he does not like. That is what happened in chapter 2.Chapter 3 In chapter 3 Jonass pay come to had talked about how there was this baby, (He worked at the nurturing job so he took care of babies) who wasnt doing very well so they were talking about realeasing him. So his incur had brought the baby home. Many of the people in the community had dark eyes, exactly the baby had light eyes, like Jonas. Lilly had said he looks like you Jonas. Which had brought butt a memory for him, It was that there had been a time where he had gotten called out on the loudspeaker. He had been playing a game with asher and took an apple which you are not sibyllic to do. That is what had happened in chapter 3.Chapter 4 It had been almost time for the ceremony of twelve. There were only a few volunteer days left. Jonas usually didnt do volunteer jobs with his adept asher, but since there were only a few days left it didnt really matter. He had g angioten sin converting enzyme to look for ashers bike and found it at the hearthstone of the old with fiona. He went in and did his work in the bathing room at the kinfolk of the old. That is what happened in chapter 4.Chapter 5 In chapter 5 it explained how every level jonas and his family told the dreams they had that night. Jonas rarely dreamed but that day he had vividly dreamed. In his dream he was at the house of the old, he was with there with fiona and no one else, and she was not taking him seriously. Then he admitted to his family that he had treasured to bathe her. His parents splited talking to him about how those were stirrings, they gave him pills that every parent had to take, i think that they control your feelings. That is what happened in chapter 5.Chapter 6 In chapter 6 they were going through all the ceremonies. The ceremony of the ones twos threes fours fives six sevens eights nines tens and elevens. The ceremony of twelve has not happened yet and that is jonass. T he ceremony of eights was where lilly was and that is where you start your volunteer hours. At all of the ceremonies you recieve something different. Like at the tens you get your long hair cut complete, at the ceremony of nines you get a bike. All of them are different. That is what happened in chapter 6.Chapter 7 In chapter 7 they went through the ceremony of twelve. Every one of the elevens turned twelve and recieved their life assignment. All of his friends got the job they wanted. Whenever it was his turn, they skipped over him He was so embarrassed he wanted to shrink up and disapear. That is what happened in chapter 7Chapter 8 In chapter 8 all of the jobs had been given, except for jonass. The chief elder had finally called jonas up to the stage she apologized for all of the confusion and went on. Jonas has not been assigned, he has been selected to be the reciever of memory. The reciever of memory must have many traits which we think you have all of. There is one though tha t none of the community understands but the current reciever said the chief elder, the trait to see beyond. Jonas was about to say no you picked the unlawful person, but then all the faces in the audience changed just like the apple. Then he understood. That is what happened in chapter 8Chapter 9 In chapter nine he was about to go home from the ceremony of twelve with asher. When he went up to ask he said sure with his normal smile, but there was something different, a slight hesitation. The same thing happened when someone went to congratulate him. When he got home he read his rules which were surprisingly sparse. There were only 8 rules. You can lie, You cannot hire for realese, and a bunch of other ones. He was surprised at some of them and amazed how some people would in truth do that. That is what happened in chapter 9.Chapter 10 In chapter 10 it was the first day of jonass pedagogy. He rode his bike to the house of the old with fiona because she will get her training there as well. Jonas had gone to the back of the house of the old to recieve his training. He was surprised at all of the locked doors and a little scared, but the attendant cheered him up and said the reciever of memory just needs his concentration. When he went in he was amazed by all of the nice furniture but even more amazed by all of the books, he only thought three existed The older reciever of memory asked if he knew what snow was, jonas said no, then we have got a lot of work to do. That is what happened in chapter 10.Chapter 11 In chapter 11 the older Reciever Of Memory asked Jonas to take his tunic off. The old man put his batchs on Jonass back and gave him the memory of snow. It was very cold and he could see his breath. In the next memory the reciever gave him the memory of sunlight. It was very warm and hot. Jonas had a question, the chief elder said it would be painful but it actually has been very enjoyable. The old man said that it would be painful soon and that they woul d have one more memory. It was sunburn, it had hurt but he thought it was interesting. When the training ended the old man seemed tired. That is what happened in chapter 11.Chapter 12 In chapter 12 every one of the twelves was talking about there first day of training. Jonas wanted too to talk about his training but he is not supposed to and he would not know how to explain it. Then he went back to the house of the old with Fiona after school. When Fiona started rushing in to go to her training her hair had changed just like the audience and the apple. Once he got to the Giver Jonas asked about it. The Giver said that he was beginning to see the color red. Jonas did not understand this so the Giver had to explain. He explained that in memories things had a shape and coat like now but they also had color. Jonas did not understand much so the Giver gave him the memory of a rainbow.Chapter 13 In chapter 13 Jonas starts to see every color every so often. He sees flashes of color every so often. Now when Jonas goes to the Givers house for training he often sees the giver rocking on the floor. He asks whats wrong but the giver just asks for him to go away. Hes worried about the giver so he asks to transmit the memory of pain to him. Thats what happened in chapter 13.Chapter 14 In chapter 14 the Giver gave Jonas a memory when he was on the sled again but on ice. He started zooming down and barbarian and twisted his leg. The pain lingered in him for the rest of the day. As the days went on, Jonas begun to feel more and more of the pain and understood it better, every day it got worse. That is what happened in chapter 14.Chapter 15 In chapter 15 Jonas went into the Annex room and realized that he would get sent away, he saw that The Giver looked in pain. Ill go now sir, Jonas said quickly, unless there is something i can do to help. The Giver had asked him to take some of the pain. Jonas had quickly took of his tunic and lay on the bed. The Giver had placed his hand on him and he braced himself for what was to come. It was warefare, wounded people were everywhere. When he could not go on anymore the memory stopped and he looked at The Giver. The Giver looked away from Jonas not bearing what he could have done to him.Chapter 16 In chapter 16 it was after Jonas had recieved the memory of warfare. He didnt want to go back, but he did. Ever since the warfare memory, the giver had given him happier ones and less bad ones. There are a lot of good memories too, the Giver had said, and there was. Jonas had seen a birthday party. Jonas asked The Giver what is favorite memory was. The Giver then gave it to him. It was a memory of christmas. That is what happened in chapter 16.Chapter 17 In chapter 17 it was an unscheduled holiday. That meant that all the kids were off school, training and volunteer hours and the parents were off work. Jonas had went to find Asher. He had found him at the playing field. They were playing a game where you have a pretend br anch and you shoot people with the fake weapon. Jonas had started to play when he walked out on the playing field but then he froze up. All of the other children support away because they didnt know what was going on. It had reminded him of the memory of war. Everyone was gone except for Asher and Fiona. Jonas asked them not to play it again. You cant tell us what to play said Asher, then Fiona had rode off with Asher and Jonas felt he had lost his friends. That is what happened in chapter 17.Chapter 18 In chapter 8 Jonas had a lot of questions for the giver about the last reciever in training. It seemed like it caused the giver pain to talk about her. I loved her like i love you the giver had said, her name was rosemary. He asked what had happened why it had been a failure. She had applied for release and then all the memories were loose, The Giver had said. I cannot apply for release said jonas, its in my rules. But it wasnt in hers. That is what happened in chapter 8.Chapter 19 In chapter 19 Jonas was interested in the release of the newchild. Jonas asked the giver about it. My father is doing the release today, Jonas had said. The Giver wished that they would not do that. Jonas wished that he could see it. The Giver had the film out and was take a leak to show Jonas but he thought that his father would be mad. When they started watching it it started out in a room with a table and some equipment. His father brought two children and weighed them. The smallest one had to be released so his father took a needle with medicine in it and put it in his head, that had killed the baby, Jonas was in shock at what his soda pop had done.

Current Computing Research on Long Term Data Storage

Current Computing Research on Long bourn entropy StorageSamuel Kahura WachiraEvaluation of Current Computing Research on Long Term info StorageAbstractThe increasing number of digitized documents and the content gush that has been experienced in this digital age has necessitated the research into the Long Term information Storage. There are various methods, modes and approached to this problem. Whichever the solution, it must adhere to these principles the media or applied science should be affordable, flexible, durable and readily accessible and clear-cut by any software. This paper will be examining the current state of available technology for yen limit entropy shop, especially on the development of long term transshipment center, the various existing and upcoming hardware, the issues that affect Long Term Storage of digital data and some possible solutions. In this paper, strategies for preservation of data in specific formats and mediums are also investigated.1.0 I ntroductionLong-term data computer store is considered to be one of the biggest topics discussed in the field of Information Technology today. This is attributed to the fact that valuable information faces the threat of becoming unreadable owing to overreliance on paper as a medium of storage. In the modern face the danger of becoming unreadable thus the need to digitize the documents by wasting disease of Long Term digital Preservation (LTDP). Factor et. al. (2009), describes Long Term Digital Preservation as being a set of processes, strategies and tools which can be to store and thenceforth access digital data for periods long passable in the drive out of ever-changing technologies, formats, hardware, software as well as technical communities.There has been an en intumescent in the amount of digital information, as well as the aging of existing digital heritage. Well-publicized examples of such losses have resulted into an urgent need to engage with the challenge of long- term preservation of data. It is therefore important for us to understand the components (both hardware and software), the technology, the standards and the research that is being conducted to give us a stable , larger, high-speed capacity storage system.We are also able to appreciate the steps that we have made as regards storage size, speed, durability and stability od data storage devices.1.1 Development of Long Term Digital StorageA study by Kremser (2012), on long term digital storage revealed that as time goes by, there are many risks that threaten data integrity. Some of such threats include deterioration and/or obsolescence of storage media, obsolescence of the data format or in normal the software needed for running the application for accessing the data such as old operating systems. Such a risk is most related to hardware architectures.It follows therefore that in prescribe to ensure long term data preservation one has to overcome the problem of non-prompt memory inst itutions, including libraries, museums, annals as well as different cultural heritage institutions.Magnetic tape showed the way to consumer-grade data holding equipment. Since then, storage has pervaded nearly every gadget , electronics, form printers, Home appliances, mobile devices etc. This consumerization is driving the market forces to research more and innovate.Farley (2009) argues that careful selection of the electronic medium essential in order to deal with the many hazards that result from overreliance digital storage media which are not instantly apparent.It is evident that data to be archived needs to be retrievable other than the purpose of archiving is negated. In this regard therefore, the use of the Internet could as well eliminate the need to have a single point data storage in the future, if at all the data can be stored and at the same time be retrieved simultaneously on numerous different drove computers given that each individual computer upgraded or replace d, the data is therefore retained on other host computers.Technology and Long Term Data StorageTechnology comprises of discoveries in sciences, product development and improvement in machinery, process, and automation as well as information technology (Kurnet, 2012). These developments are changing the way that service firms and consumers interact, and are raising a host of research and practice issues relating to the delivery of e-service. Electronic-service is becoming increasingly important not only to delay the success or failure of electronic commerce, but also in the provision of consumers with a superior experience in regard to the interactive persist of information.Technology has become a leading driving force nowadays, in different businesses (Ahmed et. al. (2011). As such it is important to research the investments in technology and their match in the telecom business. It is particularly essential to assess how technology is reducing the labour intensive activities, red ucing service as well as process cost, increasing service levels, not forgetting improving the productivity and competitiveness of the telecom sector.1.3 economic science of Long Term Digital StorageRosenthal et.al (2012) has some interesting findings as regards the Economics of Long Term Digital Storage. In the paper of the same title, the authors analyse and present facts that support the conclusion that the decrease in cost per subprogram of storage in this decade, is likely to be much slower or it might eventually stop. This in turn will make the expenditure inscription implied by a decision to preserve some digital content much bigger and much harder to predict than would be expected on the ass of history. Rosenthal et.al (2012).Additionally, Rosenthal et.al (2013). and Goldstein et.al (2010) agree that there will be an increase in the importance of developing accurate and predictive models of storage as well as other preservation costs, as IT budgets become ever smaller.Wh en organizations recognize the Total Cost of ownership of preserving data for long periods, they migt consider investing in SSD (Solid Stata Drives) which although are initially expensive, will realize a lower TCO than traditional disks, whilw at the same time improve performace of data read and write operations. Rosenthal et.al (2013).1.3.1The OAIS Model consort to CCSDS Secretariat (2012), OAIS (Open archival Information System) is an ISO standard that is intended to be a referential design of digital archives with long term preservation capabilities. triad base roles are defined in the model producer, consumer and management. The OAIS Model (CCSDS et al 2012)The OAIS model defines functional entities Ingest, Data Management, Archival Storage, Access, Preservation Planning, and Administration.OAIS is more than a exigent specification of referential model. OAIS is a set of vague advice on how to build a digital archive. It identifies some basic actors/roles, describes the data a nd their flows in the systems. The central judgment of OAIS is an information package. There are three types of packages SIP (Submission Information Package), AIP (Archival IP), and DIP (Dissemination IP) depending on the life cycle of the data. The content of those packages slightly differs, but in general there are some descriptive and structural metadata, the manifest describing the content and the data itself.1.4 receivedization of Formats for Data ArchivingIn order for data to be readable in future, it will have to adhere to some form of standards. Hajicek and Studensky (2005) were of the opinion that standard generalized markup language would eventually become the de-facto standard for data archiving, since it covered most of the criteria for archiving. Standard Generalized Markup Language is considered to be an international standard when defining device-independent, as well as system-independent methods of representing texts in electronic form (Goldfarb, 2010).However, Haj icek et.al (2005) also suggest that SGML itself does not provide us with a solutionfor presentation of non-textual data and dynamic nonlinear (interactive) documents.XML is a lightweight cut-down version of SGML that keeps just enough of the functionality so as to make it useful. It is therefore aimed at making SGML usable easily.This discussion shows the importance of standardization in the march towards long term data storage.1.5 Data Storage MediaThe selection, storage as well as handling of media is very important when it comes to data storage. This is because we need to understand the various storage media that has been in existence, and is still being developed. Some Storage media has also been overtaken by technology, e.g. floppy disks, resulting in rapid discontinuation of previous formats.1.5.1 Magnetic MediaMagnetic media makes use of magnetic particles that which are suspended in a non-magnetic film or metallic disks that are then magnetized..Magnetic media is a flexible, low cost storage medium that has the ability to retain magnetic charges. It requires Clean operating conditions as well as environments to reduce the scope for damage to media and devices.1.5.2Optical MediaOptical storage media on the other hand uses laser light to read data from the discs. Optical Storage Media exists in different types such as CD-ROM as well as DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disc Read Only Memory). Ross Gow (2012),2.0Proposed Modes for Long Term Digital Storage2.1DiskThe disk industrys roadmap everlastingly predicted a consistent 40% per year improvement with regards to bit density on disk platters, which can be translated to a 40% per year reduction in cost per bit stored. Although in the recent past the industry did not acquire this roadmap target. It is predicted that there is going to be more than a 20%/yr improvement in bit density for the next five years.2.2TapeTape is considered to be an important medium for long-term storage of large amounts of data. Thi s is attributable to low media, costs, low power consumption as well, its relatively high reliability outweigh its long access times. The recording technology that is utilize by tape is about 8 years behind disk however it is on approximately the same cost per bit curve as disk. Thus it is expected that tapes cost per bit will continue dropping, albeit somewhat more slowly as compared to previously, for perhaps another 8 years. This is likely to increase tapes cost advantage significantly.2.3Solid State MemorySolid State drives store data via electronic integrate Circuit systems as memory to store data persistently. SSD drived do not have moveable parts, so they do not suffer from the problems of disks i.e Head-Crash, Overheating, and are go at shock resistsnce than their counterparts. Previously, SD Drives were more expensive than disks and were of less storage capacity, but in the last two years, we have seen an incredible leap from 16Gb to 500GB drives.On a Cost per byte analy sis, SSD is still more expensive than traditional disks, but this is envisaged to slowly change as people adopt the new technology and more research and development is carried out.3.0 Challenges of Storing Electronic DataAhmed et. al. (2011), argues that preserving electronically-held data presents a problem. The storage media is unstable and is susceptible to physical abuse. Also, the technological advances that are creating lower TCO drives and discs, is leaving in its wake a lot of obsolete equipment still holding the data. The access of this data becomes a problem because of the scarcity of the equipment that is required to read the data presents problems which mostly attend to be unsolvable in the face of accelerating technological change.Ahmed et al (2011) goes further and concludes that optical discs might offer a induce solution. However, the breakage and simoleons that is usually characterized by storage of optical disks might render his argument null and void.Data stora ge on the internet also seems a compelling alternative where companies pay to store and retrieve the data they require, without the headache of managing the storage devices. Amazon, Rackspace, Google and Microsoft are already on this exciting phase of data storage. However, issues of legislation, privacy, security and availableness of the data is keeping some people away from this solution.Magnetic Media is cheap, lasts long and is flexible. However, magnetic media are also considered to be vulnerable to corruption via magnetic and stable fields apart from physical and chemical changes that occur during storage. (Russell, 2012).Good technology should only be applied in data storage if it satisfies some basic principles. Proper technology should ensure that information is stored accurately and retrieved immediately it is needed. All technological advances in automation processing, mass data processing and elimination of administrative challenges fall in this category. Farley (2009). 5.0 ConclusionThe research has shown that there is still a lot of research to be done as concerns Long term Data Storage. Commercial entities are pushing each other to greater heights of research and innovation in the race to produce the cheapest, largest and fastest devices. This race has seen a lot of hardware becoming obsolete, and in essence, not being supported. The question becomes how to read and extract the data in these obsolete storage media.On the other hand, the introduction of standardized models for long term Data Retention, such as OAIS, will go a long way in helping to achieve the standardization of formats, methods and approaches.On the economics of storing data in the cloud, Rosenthal et.al (2012, 2013) concluded that it is not yet economical to store data on the cloud, as compared to Disk.ReferencesAhmed A, JoAnne Holliday, D. E. Long, Ethan L. Miller, J., and Thomas S (2011). Data management and layout for shingled magnetic recording. IEEE Transactions onMagnetic s, 47(10)CCSDS Secretariat (2012). Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS), Recommended Practice, CCSDS 650.0-M-2 (Magenta Book) Issue 2, June 2012Factor, D. Naor, S. Rabinovici-Cohen, L. Ramati, P. Reshef, J. Satran, D.L (2009) Architecture for Preservation-aware Storage. MSST 2007 3-15.Farley, J. (2009). An Introduction to Archival Materials new media (PRO Preservation Guide series).Hajicek C, Studensky I, The Long Term Data Storage, FI MU Report Series, July 2005Kryder, H.M and Chang K. (2009). After Hard Drives-What Comes Next? IEEE Trans. on Magnetics, 45(10), 2009Neil B. (2012).Digital Preservation Benefit Analysis Tools Project. http//beagrie.com/ krds-i2s2.php, 2012..Rosenthal, D.S.H., Rosenthal, D.C., Miller, E.L., Adams, I.F., Storer, M.W. Zadok, E. (2012). The Economics of Long-term Digital Storage. Paper presented at The Memory of the World in the Digital Age Conference, Vancouver, BC. Retrieved from http//www.lockss.org/locksswp/wp-content/upload s/2012/09/unesco2012.pdfRosenthal, D.S.H, Vargas D.L (2013) Distributed Digital Preservation in the Cloud,International Journal of Digital Curation (2013), 8(1), 107119.Russell K. (2012). Digital preservation Ensuring access to digital materials into the future.

The Dental Induced Bacteraemia

The dental Induced BacteraemiaYour Uncle not the same as last time who has been taking clopidogrel for a number of years approaches you, a dental student, to explain something to him. After two weeks of weariness and fever, his doctor recently diagnosed Infective Endocarditus by contrast cultures. An echocardiogram indicated a angulate aortic valve, and listen to the chest using a stethoscope the doctor could also detect a slight murmur. His doctor had asked him whether he had had any dental handling recently. He admitted that he had not seen a dentist for a number of years and a cursory investigation revealed dental caries and inflammation of the gums. His recording for avoiding the dentist was be fetch of bleeding in the mouth following visits.Your Uncle was quizzical about a number of things and has asked for your advice. He wants to know what information the echocardiogram and stethoscope rouse reveal. Further, he wants to understand the connection betwixt oral health and an individuals general medical condition. Specifically, what oral bacteria are present, what roles do they play in oral biology, how they could cause general problems, and what sort of st come outgies could be employed to hold open infection..Working in your groups, generate a list of leaning outcomes for this topic and return an individual copy by 23rd November by email to emailprotectedThese learning outcomes allow for be assessed, and intended learning outcomes returned to assist you with your report.Individually write a 2000 word manuscript in a scientific manner addressing the learning outcomes by 7th January (2013) and upload via QMplus. Please note that with QMplus the time cut-off is 2355.Learning Outcomes1. To identify the connection between clopidogrel and ebullient bleeding gums.2. To describe normal and abnormal boob valve formations.3. To understand and describe the information that echocardiograms and stethoscope throne provide regarding disembodied spirit func tion.4. To explain how oral derived bacterial flora hindquarters colonise heart valves.5. To explain why the heart valves are subject to bacterial colonisation.6. To describe when prophylactic antibiotics should be prescribed antecedent to oral treatments.IntroductionBacteraemia is a condition that is ca employ when bacteria come ins the blood stream. When large amount of bacteria are present in the blood it can cause infections such as meningitis, pericarditis and endocarditus. Individuals with heart valve disorders, prosthetic joints, chronic diseases or weakened immune system are at increased risk of developing infections during Bacteraemia. Dental induced Bacteraemia is caused by minor injury from tooth brushing or from dental procedures. In the above problem based learning scenario we necessitate been presented with our uncle who has been taking Clopidogrel for a number of years and has now been diagnosed with Infective Endocarditis by blood cultures. Below I will expand o n the proposed learning outcomes.2 FIG.1Identify the connection between Clopidogrel and excessive bleeding gums.Clopidogrel is an oral antiplatelet drug which reduces the risk of blood clots forming. It works by preventing Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which causes platelets aggregation, from binding to its P2Y12 receptors on platelets and stop overs activation of the glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa complex. This prevention reduces the likelihood of clots forming. 1 3SourceHarvey, R Champe, P Lippincott illustrated reviews Pharmacology, 4th edition. LWW 2009.Blood clots can be very dangerous as they can cause blockages of blood vessels reducing the blood supply to an organ. A diminution in blood flow to the brain or heart can cause a stroke or heart attack. This explains Clopidogrels biggest use in patients who have had a recent heart attack or stroke it helps to stop a reoccurrence. 1Taking Clopidogrel thitherfore can cause excessive bleeding gums. If a blood vessel ruptures when brushing the teeth, through dental treatment or even by eating the gums will carry on bleeding for overnight than usual because of the lack of platelet aggregation. http// causenow.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Clopidogrel.gifDescribe normal and abnormal heart valve formations.A healthy human heart consists of four chambers two top(prenominal) atria and two lower ventricles and four valves two lunate and two atrioventricular valves. The aortic and pulmonic valves are both semilunar valves and found in the arteries go away the heart. The tricuspid and mitral valves are the atrioventricular valves and are found between the atria and ventricles. 5Valves are made up of cusps which basically act as flaps or leaflets that are responsible for the whizz way flow of blood going into and out of a ventricle. Each valve has three leaflets, except the mitral valve, which only has two.4 FIG.3Strong unchewable cords called chordae tendineae also known as heart strings are attached to the papillary muscles found on the floor of the ventricles and they act as anchors to stop the valves from inverting back into the atria. When the valve closes the papillary muscles bring and tenses the chordae tendineae to ensure the one way flow of blood. The valves are also supported and surrounded by a fibrous form called annuli that also acts as an different anchor. http//www.tokresource.org/tok_classes/biobiobio/biomenu/transport_system/heart-valves.jpg6 FIG.4Blood flows from the right and left hand atria into the ventricles through the open tricuspid and mitral valves respectively. When the ventricles are full, the tricuspid and mitral valves shut. The ventricles now begin to contract and the pulmonic and aortic valves are forced open and blood is pumped out. Blood from the right ventricle passes through the open pulmonic valve into the pulmonary arterial blood vessel and carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs while blood from the left ventricle is oxygenated and travels through the op en aortic valve into the aorta and goes to the rest of the body. This happens in a cycle, between heartbeats the ventricles will then relax, the semilunar valves will close and the atrioventricular valves will open and allow blood from the body and lungs to enter the heart. 7http//mitral-valve-repair.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/heart-valves_heart-chambers.jpgHeart valves can however malfunction in some(prenominal) ways. Abnormal heart valve formations fall into two main groups Regurgitation and Stenosis. Regurgitation of the valves is when they fail to close properly which causes the backward leakage of blood, this is often happens as a result of coronary heart disease, unhealthy heart disease or because or bacterial and viral infections including morbific endocarditus. 8Mitral regurgitation is the well-nigh common land heart valve disorder being found in 20% of adults over the age of 55. 9The backward leakage of blood causes an increase in atrial insistence and the wall of the left atrium will thicken by hypertrophy and possibly dilate. The pulmonary venous pressure will also rise which produces pulmonary dropsy (fluid accumulation in the air spaces).It also reduces the blood supply to the rest of the so the left ventricle will also become thicker and the heart rate will increase to try and maintain normal cardiac output. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pains, dizziness and the pulse becomes faster. 10 11Stenosis of the heart valves occurs when the valve is narrowed and obstructs the foregoing flow of blood, it is usually a result of a internal defect which has caused the valve to become inflamed or calcified.12 FIG.5 Aortic Stenosis Aortic valve Stenosis is one of the most common valve disorders, when the valve doesnt open correctly there is reduced blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta. In severe cases the walls of the left ventricle will become thicker as it has to work harder to maintain cardiac output into the aorta. S ymptoms include dizziness, chest pain and an guerilla heart beat. If the condition worsens it can lead to heart failure and much uncommonly to endocarditus.http//www.heart-valve-surgery.com/Images/aortic-stenosispicture-275.jpgAortic Stenosis develops over time because or turbulent blood flow through a usually premolar aortic valve. Calcific valvular disease is an inflammatory process and the biggest cause of the disorder, calcification of the valve makes it very stiff and makes it difficult for the valve to open easily. Again as with regurgitation rheumatic fever and endocarditis are also causes of Stenosis. 11 12Valve deformations are more common in the left side of the heart but they do also occur in the right hand side. Stenosis and regurgitation can affect all four valves and not only the two mentioned above. 13 Other abnormal valve formations are congenital heart valve diseases which are those present at birth when the aortic or pulmonary valves dont form properly.Understand and describe the information that echocardiograms and stethoscope can provide regarding heart function.Echocardiography is a non-invasive technique used to assess cardiac structure and function by the use of ultrasound. Echoes are used to listen for congestion in the lungs, irregular heartbeats and murmurs. 11There are several types of echocardiograms transthoracic (TTE) are the most common. A device called a probe or transducer is placed on the chest and high frequence sound waves are used to produce sounds and images of the heart. It picks up echoes of sound waves and transmits them as electrical impulses which are then converted to 2D or 3D locomote pictures on the screen. A Doppler echocardiogram line of battles the movement of blood. If a clear picture cannot be formed a small amount of liquid can be injected via IV to give a better picture. 14Echocardiograms show details of the chambers including size, volume and thickness of the walls which helps to identify certain disor ders including hypertension, the pumping function can also be reviewed and this can show conditions such as cardiomyopathy. Echoes also help with diagnosis of heart valve disorders including those mentioned above. It identifies the basic structures of the valve including thickness and movement and shows any abnormalities such as calcification and scaring. The Doppler will show any leakage through the heart valves and if there is a restriction in blood flow.Echoes of mitral regurgitation will show a dilated left atrium and left ventricle and echoes of aortic Stenosis will show the thickened calcified leaflets.In cases of suspected endocarditis a transesophageal echo can be used sooner to show high-quality images of the heart and its valves. It is slightly more invasive and a long tube is passed down the oesophagus. 15A stethoscope is a non invasive diagnostic instrument used to listen to or auscultate a patients heart, lungs, pulse and abdomen. It can also be used to help check bloo d pressure by listening to blood flow restoration when the sphygmomanometer cuff is removed. The diaphragm is placed on the patients chest where it picks up vibrations and amplifies them as sounds to the earpieces going via a hollow tube. 16http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Stethoscope_(PSF).pngA healthy heart produces a double beat or lub dub with little other sound when the semi lunar valves open and close. A stethoscope helps detect a heart murmur which makes a whooshing sound after(prenominal) the heart beat, this can indicate serious other problems such as infective endocarditis. 1718 FIG.6 S Mutans adhering to surface of mitral valve Explain how oral derived bacterial flora can colonise heart valves Explain why the heart valves are susceptible to bacterial colonisation.Streptococcus mutans are a type of bacteria found in dental plaque of the oral cavity that is largely responsible for create tooth decay and cavities via the process of demineralisation. Howev er on occasion after dental treatment or from brushing the teeth if blood is exposed it can enter the blood stream and cause bacteraemia. Diseased Aortic ValveEndocarditis typically develops on surfaces of the heart, which have become rough and sticky after sustaining endothelial impose on _or_ oppress after being subject to turbulent blood flow. (In bicuspid valves blood flow is more turbulent and this creates a high pressure which makes the surface of the valve rough and more susceptible to bacterial colonisation). 19Platelets and fibrin attach to the endochardium surface and form a platform which the bacteria can attach to vegetation is now formed. This vegetation can damage the heart valves and affect how they open and close, or breakaway and cause complications in other areas of the body. The aortic and mitral valves of the left side of the heart are the most common to be affected. S mutants are thought to be responsible for 50% of all bacterial endocarditus cases. Staphylococ ci found on the skin can also cause it. 11The risk of developing endocarditis is increased in a person who has already got artificial heart valves, general heart valve conditions, congenital birth defects, rheumatic fever and those with a lowered immune system.The problem with when bacteria colonises heart valves is that the valves dont have a designated blood supply to them so white blood cells are unable to fight the infection that is forming there. 20 21Full-size image (41 K)22 FIG.7 Transthoracic echocardiogram (a) and apical four-chamber view (b) demonstrating a well circumscribed vegetation measuring 2 - 1 cm, jailed to the posterior mitral valve leaflet and impinging on the left atrium.Describe when prophylactic antibiotics should be prescribed prior to oral treatments.The term prophylactic antibiotics suggest to when antibiotics are given prior to an event as a preventative measure to infection. Where rheumatic fever is still common, control and prevention will prevent rhe umatic heart disease and associated endocarditis. 11Previously people with heart valve conditions and artificial valves were thought to be at high risk of developing endocarditus when receiving dental treatment and other surgical operations so a treatment of antibiotics, usually penicillin were given prior to the procedure in question. Today however this practice is questioned as there were no placebo trials conducted. The large scale use of penicillin as a preventative measure comes with risks such as anaphylactic shock so now as recommended by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) it is mainly only offered to those patients who have an infection beforehand and those with artificial valves.ConclusionIn death to this PBL I now understand that the presence of bacteria in the blood can have serious consequences all over the body and not middling at the site of entry. In answer to my uncles question about preventing infection it would be worth noting that m eticulous oral and skin hygiene is significant in preventing such infections like endocarditis. With regards to oral hygiene a dentist should be seen at least every 6 months so any issues that may be present can be resolved before they develop further. Brushing twice a day, flossing and keeping ones toothbrush clean are always that can prevent bacteraemia.

Forgotten War Crimes :: essays research papers

Forgotten War Crimes     "The holocaust was such an unthinkable horror, the Nazi dictatorship souniquely evil, that the metrical firebombing of more than half a Milandefenseless civilians in the dying days of the war had just fallen by thewayside."1 History is defined as all recorded events of the past, still withtextbooks, historical journals, and other respected documentaries all denying,or refusing to acknowledge and give business, the ruthless and criminalbombing of Dresden does not depart the fact that it occurred. Thus history isbiased by those who write it, and should not be taken as the whole truth afterall, over dickens hundred thousand innocent civilians lost their lives and do notdeserve to be forgotten simply because America does not want to takeresponsibility actions and admit to what happened. This tragic event is simplyswept under that carpet and neglected and termed a strategic bombing withmilitary objectives. This bombing may thrust been strategic but it certainly didnot have any military objectives which are stated throughout much of Americanhistory. It was, however, the strategic bombing and slaughtering of a quartermillion innocent civilians.     American history textbooks and documentaries state that the officialobjective in the bombing of Dresden was to destroy railway yards, thus delayingor preventing the deployment of German troops to the eastern front. To destroyrail-lines and rail yards, precision bombing is used. Contradicting thisstatement is the fact that the American planes flying over Dresden were notarmed with precision bombs but instead with high explosive incendiaries used tocreate firestorms. What is also ironic is that after the bombing, not a singlerail-line or rail yard had been disturbed.      early(a) historical journals provided via the American government claimthat Dresden contained a number of bunkers being used to house German Troops.Although D resden did contain bunkers, they were being used to house American andBritish prisoners of war.     By using such high explosive incendiaries and such elaborate bombingpatterns, Allied bombers were successful in creating one of the most lay waste tofirestorms claiming upwards of two hundred thousand innocent lives and utterlydestroying on the most culturally historic centers in the world.

The Existence of Crime Culture Among Certain Social Groups Essay exampl

Albert Cohens thesis is that class based status frustration is the stock certificate of subcultures. Crime culture existed in certain social groups and the individuals learned the value of the delinquent subculture through participation in gangs. Delinquent subcultures have determine that are in opposition to those of the dominant culture. The strain is rooted by low economical conditions, poor parental relations, and low school standards, with no opportunity of succeeding in the future. The anti social structure of cities also affects the why a boy and or girl joins a gang. The formation of gangs in cities, and or so recently in suburbs, is assisted by the same lack of community among parents. While almost half of high seniors used marijuana at to the lowest degree once, thirty-seven percent said they had used it in the past year, and twenty-three percent said they had used it in the previous month. Strain Theory, posits the disjuncture amongst socially and sub culturally sanc tioned mean and goods as the cause of criminal behavior. Albert Cohens thesis is that class based status frustration is the origin of subcultures. Cohens focus is on school based achievement status. The institution of the school symbolizes middle class values for honesty, courtesy, personality, responsibility, and the middle class measuring rod. It is this environment where competition takes place for status, approval, or respect. Strain is interpersonal, located at the level of group interaction. There are many problems facing todays society. One of the problems is the violent condition that surrounds the lives of children in America. We are awarded of the violence among our new-fashioneds because we read, hear and see it. The newspapers, magazines, news media, and our neighborhoods testify the living proof of the chaos. What can we do to influence these kids to stay out off dither? First of all, we have to realize this is a very serious problem. And it has to be stopped. Th e second step is to figure out what causes children to be violent and become juvenile delinquents. This negative attitude causes them to lead a life of delinquency and a life isolated from societys idealistic world. When we ask this question, many others come in mind. Do these problems begin in the family? Are parents good role models or are they condoning the violence? How can we prevent parents from destroying the minds and future o... ...ephan C., Understanding miserable Justice. Boston Wadsworth create Company, 1999. Lyman, Michael D. and Gary W. Potter, Drugs in Society Causes, Concepts and Control. 3rd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio Anderson Publishing Company, 1998. Nisbet, Merton, Contemporary Social Problems. New York Harcourt, Brace & World, 1971.Regoli, Robert M. and John D. Hewitt, Delinquency in Society. 4th ed. Boston McGraw-Hill Companies, 2000.Schmalleger, Frank, Criminology Today An unifying Introduction. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Prentice-Hall Inc., 1999.Uni ted States of America, National Drug and Safety League, Leading the Fight Against Gangs in the United States. GPO, 1996---. National sum for Juvenile Justice, Juvenile Offenders and Victims 1999 National Report. GPO, 1999.Dukes 17---. National Center for Juvenile Justice, 1998 National Youth Gang Survey. GPO, 1999.Void, George B., Thomas J. Bernand and Jeffery b. Snipes, Theoretical Criminology. 5th ed. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2002. Williams, Frank P. and Marilyn D. McShane, Criminal Theory Selected Classic Readings. 2nd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio Anderson Publishing Company, 1998.